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118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which extrinsic eye muscles are innervated by Trochlear IV? |
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Which extrinsic eyes muscle are innervated by Abducens VI? |
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Which extrinsic eye muscles are innervated by Oculomotor III? |
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Name the 6 extrinsic eye muscles... |
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Describe an olfactory neuronal pathway |
1. axons of the olfacotry nerves synapse with dendrites and cell bodies present in olfactory bulbs. |
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Tears pass over eyeball and drain into _______ _____. |
Lacrimal sac |
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Lacrimal glands secrete .... |
Tears |
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What are the 5 primary tastes? |
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what are the neuronal pathways for taste? |
1. 1st order neurons of cranial nerves VII, IX, X conduct impulses from taste buds to the medulla oblongata. |
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What are 5 accessory structures of the visual system? |
1. eyebrows & eyelashes (shade and keep sweat out) |
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What does the fibrous tunic of the eye consist of? |
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What does the vascular tunic of the eye consist of ? |
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What does the retina contain? |
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What are the 3 chambers of the eyeball? |
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What holds the lens in place? |
suspensory ligaments |
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What structures in the eye refract light? |
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How does the lens change shape? |
ciliary muscles relax=flattens |
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Tears contain ______ which destroy bacteria. |
Lysozymes (enzyme) |
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What is the pigmented layer of the eye and what does it do?
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What are Rods responsible for? |
Allow us to see objects in dim light |
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What are cones responsible for? |
Allow us to see objects in bright light. |
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Where is there a high concentration of cones? |
fovea centralis
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What do rods and cones synapse with? |
ganglion cells which form optic nerves |
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What is the neuronal pathway for vision? |
Image size/shape --> retina --> photoreceptors(rods/cons) --> color of image --> horizontal/amacrine/bipolar cells --> image sharpens --> axons of retinal ganglion cells --> optic II --> thalamus --> optic radiations to the cerebral cortex --> superior colliculi of the midbrain |
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What is depth perception? |
the ability to judge relative distances |
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Where is the endolymph? |
inside cochlear duct |
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what are the structures of the external ear?
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auricle
external acoustic meatus |
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Describe the middle ear
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middle ear connects the external and inner ears |
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What are the three parts of the inner ear?
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semicircular canals
vestible (utricle and saccule) cochlea |
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What is the cochlea?
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spiral shaped canal within the temporal bone
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Describe the 3 compartments of the cochlea
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scala vestibuli and scala tympani contain perilymph
cochelar duct contains endolymph and organ of Corti |
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What is the spiral organ (organ of Corti)?
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consists of inner and outer hair cells that attach to the tectorial membrane
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What is perilymph?
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fluid contained within the bony labyrinth of the inner ear
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What is endolymph?
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Fluid found within the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear.
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Describe auditory function
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1 auricle funnels sound waves down external acoustic meatus causing tympanic membrane to vibrate
2. vibrations carried along ossicles to oval window in inner ear 3. stapes moves causes perilymph, vestibular membrane, endolymph to basilar membrane to vibrate 4. stereocilia bend on inner hair cells of spiral organ 5. K+ channels open 6. depolarization 7. glutamate released and stimulates vestibulocochlear nerve |
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What is the neuronal pathway for hearing?
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1. sensory axons from the cochlear ganglion terminate in the cochlear nucleus in the brainstem |
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What is static balace?
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evaluates the position of the head relative to gravity and detects linear acceleration and deceleration.
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What do the utricle and saccule contain?
(equilibrium) |
maculae
consists of hair cells with the hairs embedded in a gelatinous mass that contain otoliths |
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What does the gelatinous mass do? |
moves in response to gravity
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What is kinetic balance?
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evaluates movements of the head
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What and where is the crista ampullaris?
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what--hair cells in gelatinous mass (cupula)
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What happens to the endolymph within the semicircular canal when the head moves?
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it moves the cupula
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describe the neuronal pathway for balance
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axons from the maculae and cristae ampullares extend to the vestibular nucleus of the medulla
fibers run from medulla to spinal cord, cerebellum, cortex and nuclei that control extrinsic eye muscles |
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What else does balance depend on?
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proprioception
visual input |
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The lens normally focuses light onto the _________
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macula
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What is aqueous humor?
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watery solution that fills the anterior and posterior eye
exits thru the sleral venous sinus |
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Where are olfactory neurons?
Where do they synapse with mitral or tufted cells? |
pass thru cribiform plate
olfactory bulb |
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Name 3 characteristics of olfactory cells?
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axons combine to form olfactory neurons
olfactory neurons synapse with cells in olfactory bulb olfactory neurons have receptors that react with odorants dissolved in fluid |
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What is the lateral olfactory area do?
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conscious perception of smell
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What does the medial olfactory area do?
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visceral and emotional responses to odor
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What does intermediate olfactory area do?
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connects neurons in the bulb so it modulates sensory info in the bulb
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If limbic system is "emotional brain" which system of olfactory areas is associated with it?
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medial olfactory area
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What are the cranial nerves that detect taste?
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VII (facial), IX (glossopharengeal),
X Vagus |
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What's the taste area of cortex?
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postcentral gyrus
(somatosensory) |
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Describe the relationship between smell and taste
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olfactory sensations provide inof about a substance that may be thought of as taste. |
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What are the 3 layers of the eye?
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fibrous--sclera and cornea
vascular--choroid, cilliary body and iris nervous--retina |
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What are the whites of the eyes?
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sclera
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What are conjuctiva?
What two types are there? |
thin transparent mucuous membrane
2 kinds: palpebral--inner surface of eyelids bulbar--anterior white surface of eye |
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What is the choroid of the eye?
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connects vascular layer to sclera
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What is retina?
What does it consist of? |
Inner layer
pigmented layer neural layer |
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What allows light rays into interior of eye and bends or refracts it?
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cornea
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What secretes aqueous humor and where is it reabsorbed?
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ciliary process
canal of Schlemm |
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What is glaucoma?
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increased intraocular pressure by build up of aqueous humor.
blockage or overproduction pressure closes off blood vessels, causing starvation and death of retinal cells |
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What is a sty?
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inflammed ciliary gland (modified sweat gland)
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What gland produces tears and where do they go after washing across the eye?
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lacrimal gland
nasolacrimal ducts |
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what are the functions of the sclera?
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attachment points for muscles that move the eye
maintain shape of eye protect internal eye structures |
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What are the 3 main cell layers of the retina?
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Photoreceptors
bipolar cells ganglion cells |
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What is a cataract?
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clouding of the lens resulting from buildup of proteins
occurs from loss of nutrition from aqueous humor occurs as a result of age, infection trauma |
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What is macular degeneration?
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loss of acute vision
older, infections, trauma or hereditary disorders |
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Name 3 characteristics of the cornea
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transparent |
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What are 3 characteristics of lens?
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biconvex
helps focus light on retina covered by highly elastic, transparent capsule |
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Where do blood vessels go in eye?
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optic disc
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What does vitreous humor do?
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helps maintain intraocular pressure
shape of eyeball hold lens and retina in place refraction of light |
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What are cilliary processes?
What do they produce? |
complex of capillaries and cuboidal epithelium that produce aqueous humor
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What function do suspensory ligaments perform?
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hold the lens in place
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What do the ciliary muscles do?
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change the shape (thickening) of the lens
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how does the lens become thicker?
how does the lens become flatter? |
cilliary muscles contract
suspensory ligaments relax lens thickens cilliary muscles relax suspensory ligaments pull lens flattens |
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What is myopia?
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nearsightedness
poor distance vision eye is too oval |
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what is presbyopia?
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degeneration of eye due to aging
lens is less flexible reading glasses |
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What is astigmatism?
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refractive error affecting quality of focus
regular (fixed with glasses) and irregular (difficult to fix with glasses) |
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What is hyperopia?
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farsightedness |
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what is the main function of the constriction of the pupil?
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affects the depth of focus
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What retinal cells create action potentials?
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ganglion cells
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What 2 structures regulate the amount of light in the eye?
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iris
eyelid |
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Name 3 things that bring an image into focus
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accomodation of the lens
constriction of the pupil convergence of the eyes |
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What exits the eye thru the optic nerve?
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axons of ganglion
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Which auditory ossicle is attached to the tympanic membrane?
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malleus
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What does the stapes do?
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causes the oval window to move in and out setting the fluid in the ear in motion
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What is located on the basilar membrane
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receptor cells for hearing
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What is the passageway between the middle ear and the pharynx?
What does it do? |
eustachian tube
equalizes air pressure between the outside air and the middle ear cavity |
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What is perilymph?
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Similar to CSF
located between the membranous and bony labyrinths |
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What is endolymph?
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Similar to CSF
located in the membranous labyrinth |
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What is the organ of corti?
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spiral organ
highly modified cochlear duct cells have hair cells for hearing and regulating basilar membrane tension |
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What are the 2 organs for balance?
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static labyrinth
--utricle --saccule evaluating position of head relative to gravity kinetic labyrinth --semicircular canals evaluates movement of the head |
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What are the orientations of maculae?
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utricle parallels the base of the skull
saccule perpindicular to base of skull |
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What is an ampulla?
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expanded base of semicircular canal of the kinetic labryinth
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Define crista ampullaris
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specialized epithelium within each ampulla
functions similar to epithelium of maculae |
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Describe what happens in maculae and crista ampullarae
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hair cells are embedded in a gelatinous mass of proteins and calcium carbonate (otoliths)
gelatinous mass moves in response to gravity bending hair cells and initiating action potentials |
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What are canthi?
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angles where eyelids join at the medial and lateral margins of the eye
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Follow a tear from start to finish. What structures does it pass?
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Lacrimal gland
lacrimal duct across the eye past the puncta through the lacrimal canaliculi nasolacrimal canal |
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What do you think about when you hear 'eye muscle innervated by sympathetic fibers'
and 'parasympathetic' |
Dilator pupillae
sphincter pupillae (intrinsic eye muscles) |
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What is refraction?
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light traveling from one transparent medium to another
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What happens when ciliary muscles contract?
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The choroid is pulled toward the lens
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What type of cells are cones and rods?
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bipolar
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What is accomodation?
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eye focusing on nearby object
parasympathetic stimulation of oculomotor nerve contracts ciliary muscles pull the choroid toward the lens making lens more spherical |
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after light strikes the retina what structures does it go thru?
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photoreceptor
bipolar cells ganglion cells optic disc optic nerve |
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Temporal retina axons go__________
Nasal retina axons go___________ |
same side of brain
opposite side of the brain |
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When the stapes vibrates follow the movement...
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oval window
scala vestibuli helicotrema scala tympani round window |
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What is most important to hearing?
Describe what happens here |
distortion of basilar membrane.
hair cells resting on basilar membrane move relative to the stationary tectorial membrane. causes depolarization (K+) |
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Chalazion is.... |
a cyst on the eyelid sue to infection of the Tarsal gland. |
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Tarsal Glands are... |
modified sebaceous glands (secretions keep eyelids from sticking to each other) |
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The _______ _______ is where the optic nerve exits the retina. |
Optic nerve |
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Loss of cones result in.... |
legal blindness |
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Loss of certain types of cones result in... |
...color blindness |
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Loss of rods result in... |
..night blindness |
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Sensorineural deafness can be caused by...(2) |
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Conduction Deafness can be caused by... |
...damage to external ear or middle mechanisms |
