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147 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Optician
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dispenses glasses does not diagnose eye problems
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Optometrist
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state-licensed health care pro
eye exams diagnose and treats eye problems prescribe glasses prescribes meds drops |
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Opthalmologist
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physician MD doctor of osteopathy DOdiagnosis medical and surgical treatment of diseases of eye and systemic diseases involve eyes routine vision care prescribe glasses
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CORNEA covers front of eye most nerve endings in body
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several layers refracting surface 2/3 focusing power
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CONJUNCTIVA covers outer surface of eye secretes mucus helps
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moisten and lubricate eye
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SCLERA tough tissue protects outer eye
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muscles attach to sclera move eye from side to side upa nad down
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VITREOUS thick watery fluid
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fills center of eye gives shape
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IRIS ****colored part of eye by melanin control size of
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pupil divides eye into anterior chamber front
posterior chamber back |
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PUPIL *****centered on iris
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size determines how much light enters eye
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LENS *****just behind iris purtpose to
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focus light onto retina encased in bag and suspended in eye by tiny fibers
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CILIARY BODY PRODUCES ZONULES TINY FIBERS holds lens in place also controls
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ability of lens to focus ACCOMMODATION******
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zonules RELAX GRIP on lens when ciliary body contracts causes lens to
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thicken to focus close up
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zonules TIGHTEN GRIP on lens when ciliary body relaxes causes
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lens become thinner focus on distant objects
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RETINA lines the back of eye contains millions of PHOTORECEPTORES capture light rays and convert them into electrical impulses
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CONES photoreceptors best work in bright light appreciate color
RODS photoreceptors best in dim light peripheral and night vision |
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MACULA *****located in center of retina gives sharp vision for reading cones (6mil)located in
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macula rods (125milper eye)scattered in rest of retina
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Electric impulses from photoreceptors travel along
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OPTIC NERVE *****to brain where they are turned right side up images
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CHOROID ****located between retina and
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sclera made of blood vessels nourish back of eye
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CILIARY BODY PRODUCES AQUEOUS HUMOR also focuses lens
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aqueous humor nourishes cornea and lens travels through filter enters channel drains blood vessels in eye
PRODUCTION AND DRAINAGE OF AQUEOUS HUMORO DETERMINES EYE'S IOP INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE |
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Tiny glands surrounding eye produce tears tears form 3 layer film moistens ****nourishes protects eye
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outer oil layer from MEIBOMIAN ****GLANDS found on edge of eyelids
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MIDDLE WATER LAYER FROM LACRIMAL GLAND**** located below eyebrow
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INNER MUCOUS LAYER FROM GOBLET**** CELLS
cells produce mucus found in conjuictiva |
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EYELID and lashes protects eye from debris and light
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blinking spreads tear film across surface of eye forces tears into drains(PUNCTA)****corner of eyelid
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tears pass through several structures eventually dripping into
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nasal passage nose runs when crying
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vision complicated process eye and brain must ccollaborate eye produces image brain interprets
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CORNEA-****CAPTURES LIGHT RAYS REFLECTED
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LENS ***FOCUS LIGHT RAYS BEFORE RETINA
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RETINA SEES LIGHT RAYS UPSIDE DOWN IMAGE
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PHOTORECEPTORS IN RETINA CONVERT IMAGE ****(ELECTRICAL IMPULSES
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ELECTRICAL IMPULSES TRAVEL ALONG OPTICE NERVE ****TO BRAIN
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BRAIN TURNS IMAGE RIGHT SIDE UP DECODES IMAGE INTO VISION
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CORNEA transparent front part of eye separates from air continuous with sclera white
cornea trasmits laser wavelenths no ultravilolet or far infrared irradiation may burn it |
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IRIS colored diaphragm aperature pupil center controls amount of light entering widens dilates night or narrowing constricting light
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LENS transparent structiure behid pupil focuses light on retina visible and near infrared light(absorbed) pass through lens
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VITREOUS HUMOR jelly-like substance fills area of eye between lens and retina transparent to visible and near-infrared radiation
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structural support for retina
children vitreous consistency similar to egg white \ with age thins becomes liquid vitreous attached to retina |
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as vitreous thins separates from retina causing w
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floaters
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vision quality depends on 3 elements
when correctly proportioned and configured allow light to focus on retina clear vision |
Curvature of cornea
power of lens and length of eye |
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when not arranged correctly 120 mill Am
4 main types of vision problems |
MYOPIA*****
nearsightedness cornea too steep to length of eyeball light enters ey image focuses in front of retina light does not reach to back of eyeball |
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HYPEROPIA*****
FARSIGHTEDNESS cornea too flat length of eyeball image focuses behind retina (light too far back) blurred distorted view of close and distant images |
ASTIGMATISM******
asymmetrical or tonic cornea shaped like football eneven bending of light rays may be present with either myopia or hyperopia |
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PRESBYOPIA*****
in 40's + to need reading glasses or bifocals focusisng lens unable to change shape and focus on close images |
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AMBLYOPIA*****
lazy eye loss of visual acuity one eye lack of use |
AMETROPIA*****
error refraction finite distance focused on retina |
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ASTIGMATISM
asymmetrically curved out of focus cause unknown together with near or farsightedness |
BLEPHARITIS
inflammation of eyelids |
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BLEPHAROPTOSIS ****drooping of upper eyelid
blepharo=eyelid ptosis=drooping |
BLINDNESS
partial or complete no perception of light worse than 20/200 legally blind |
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COLOR BLINDNESS
inherited sexlinked recessive 1-10 men |
CATARACT****
clouding of lens |
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CHALAZION
internal hordeolum localized swelling obstrucion of sebaceous glands of eyelid |
CONJUCTIVITIS
pink eye inflammation of membrane lining eyelids |
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CORNEAL ABRASION*****
superficial corneal injuries by foreign bodies ultraviolet radiation |
DACRYOCYSTITIS*****
infection of tear sac beween inner corner of eyelids blockage of duct carries tears |
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DIABETIC RETINOPATHY****
progressive damage to eye's retina long-term diabetes blindness too |
DRY EYE SYNDROME
problem quality of tear film lubricates eyes |
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ECTROPION****
turning out of eyelid lower caused by aging weakening of connective tissues scar tissue Down syndrome |
ENTROPION****
turning in edges of eyelid lower lashes rub |
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EXOPHTHALMIA*****PROTRUSION OF EYEBALLS hyperthyrioidism Graves disease most common cause bulging eyes exopthalmos dont blink
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FUCHS DYSTROPHY ***
inherited inner layer endothelium of cornea |
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GLAUCOMA
fluic pressure intraocular pressure damages optic nerve partial vision loss |
HEMIANOPIA
stroke head injury lesion blocks optic pathway to brain partial image |
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HORDEOLUM stye****
inflammations oil glands eyelids part by bacteria from skin pimples |
HYPEROPIA farsightedness
can't see close****** image focused behind retina eyeball too small can outgrow condition |
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HYPHEMA
blood in front chamber of eye trauma inflammation iris cancer of eye |
IRITIS
inflammation of iris |
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KERATITIS****
blood vessels grow intot cornea loss of transparency caused by infecions Syphilis |
KERATOCONUS*****
degenerative disease of cornea thin and bulge cone shaped prevents light on macula nearsighted |
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MACULAR DEGENERATION****
affects central part of retina |
MIOSIS***
reflex contraction of sphincter muscle of iris bright light |
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MONOCHROMATISM****
color blindness |
MYDRIASIS***((*
DIlation of pupil with drops |
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MYOPIA****
nearsightedness |
NYCTALOPIA****
night blindness |
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NYSTAGMUS
rapid involuntary movements side to side horizantal up and down vertical nys or rotary dancing eyes |
OPHTHALMALGIA
pain in eye |
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PAPILLEDEMA****
choked disk swelling inflammation of optic nerve through optic disk intracranial pressure tumor |
PRESBYOPIA****
age associated loss of focusing power of lents |
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PTOSIS***
drooping eyelid |
PTERYGIUM***
Nonmalignant growth of conjuctiva |
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RETINAL DETACHMENT***
separation of light-sensitive membrane in back of eye injury tumors disease |
RETINAL TEAR**(*
opening in retina vitreous humor can leak |
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RETINITIS PIGMENTOSA
retina loses ability absorb light false incorrect messages |
RETINOBLASTOMA
malignant tumor retina children |
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RETINOPATHY****
diseases affects retina partial loss of vision or blindness diabetics |
SCLERITIS****
inflammation of sclera whites infections chemicals autoimmune diseases rheumatioid arthritis lupus |
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SCOTOMA****
blind spot |
STRABISMUS****
deviation of alignment of one eye to other lack of coordination look in different directions |
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subconjuctival hemorrhage
blood vessel under conjuctiva breaks bleeds coughing lifting vomiting |
SYNECHIA****
ADHESION IN EYE COMPLICATION OF TRAUMA BINDS IRIS TO ADJACENT STRUCTURE |
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TRACHOMA****
chlamydia trachomatis chronic scarring blindness |
UVEITIS****
inflammation of uveal tissues iris choroid ciliary body |
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XANTHELASMA/XANTHOMA****
fatty matierials under skin of eyelids e |
XEROPHTHALMIA****
DRY EYE |
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corneal transplant ****
surgical tranplantation of donor cornea |
dilation of pupils****
mydratic drops into eyes temporary paralysis remain open |
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echoencephalogram****
diagnostic procedure uses ultrasounfd evaluates farthest part of eye ball for cataracts retinal detachment orbital lesionss intraocular lesions |
elecronystagmography*****
group of tests vestibulo-ocular reflex |
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electroretinogram *****ERG
recording changes in electrical potential of retina with light |
extracapsular cataract *****extraction
cataract removal implantation of artificial lens |
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fluorescein staining****
visualize corneal abrasion |
funduscopy****
exam fundus of eye |
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goioscopy ****
exam anterior chamber angle ocular rotation movement for glaucoma or disease mirrored contact lens used examstructures front eye drainage system |
intraocular lens implant****
lens implanted dduring cataract extraction |
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iridectomy ****
extraction small segment of iris |
keratoplasty****
excision opaque segment of cornea opthalmologic surgery |
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LASIK surgery***
laser in situ karatomileusis for nearsightedness |
ophthalmoscopy***
exam back part fundus includes retina optic disc choroid blood vessels |
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phacoemulsification***
removal of lens ultrasound vibs split up lens material tiny particles suctioned out PHOTO REFRACTIVE KERATECTOMY FEW LAYERS CORNEAL CELLS SHAVED EXCIMER LASER BEAM |
radial keratotomy*****
correct nearsightedness myopia (focus light in front of retina) eliminates glasses |
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refraction test
measures ability see object at distance with device phoropter or refractor contains lenses different strengths determines myopia hyperopia astigmatism presbyopia |
retinal dye injection
look for proper circulation in retinal vessels injected in vein in arm photos taken for blockages or tumorss |
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retinal photocoagulation*****
surgical uses argon laser for glaucoma retinal detachment diabetic retinopathy |
slit lamp exam*****
specialized magnifying microscope examine cornea iris vitreous retina used to examine treat with laser and photograph with camera of eye |
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tonometry****
process determining intraocular pressure IOP |
trabeculectomy****
ssurgical excision portion corneoscleral tissue decrease intraoclular pressure for severe glaucoma |
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trabeculoplasty
surgical creation permanent fistula drain fluid aqueous humor eye's anterior chamber |
visual acuity test
visison determined in each eye Snellen Chart normal vision 20/20 3/8 tall at 20 ft. |
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visual field test*****
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determines loss of peripheral vision
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vision test simplest most important components of eye exam 20ft away today with mirrors same format worldwide
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numerator distance in feet from eye chart
denominator distance eye with normal can read |
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20/40= you can see at 20 feet what normal eye can at 40ft
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20/16 ? above avarage you can see object from 20ft normal eye sees at 16
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Amsler Grid
screening test assssess macula center of retina evenly spsaced horizontal/vertical lines on blackor white paper small dot |
amsler test
home test see corners and sides ? wavy lines holes? used at home for macular degeneration |
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orbitotomy****
surgical incision in orbit for biopsy abscess drainage removal of tumor mass or object |
tarsectomy****
surgical removal of segmant of tarsal plate of upper or lower eyelid |
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tarsorrhaphy
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partially or completely suturing together upper and lower eyelids
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conjunctivoplasty
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surgical repair of conjuctiva
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corneal transplant
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keratoplasty surgical replacement of sscarred or diseased cornea
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iridectomy
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surgical removal portion of iris tissue
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radial keratotomy
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RK used to correct myopia
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cataract surgeries
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lensectomy
extracapsular cataract extraction intracapsular cataract extraction phacoemulsification intraocular lens aphakia pseudophakia |
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ophthalmic durgs
topically superficial infection inflammation of cornea tissues +glaucoma other drugs systemically severe infecion |
Antibiotics prevent bacteria from maintaining cell wall not effective for viral infections
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topical antibiotics for eye
bacitracin ciprofloxacin gentamicin tobramycin Tobrex silver nitrate for newborns |
corticosteroid drugs topically for trauma ssurgery allergies contact chemicals
dexamethasone Decadron medrysone HMS prednisolone Pred Forte |
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antiviral ophthalmic drugs
antiviral drugs inhibit viral DNA reproduction against herpes simplex virus are Herplex trifluridine |
Drugs for glaucoma disease intraocular pressure can lead to blindness
Miochol-E Miostat Diamox |
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beta blockers treat glaucoma block production of aqueous humor decrease IOP
Betoptic Ocupress Timoptic |
Mydriatic Drugs
dilate pupil mydriasis paralyze muscles of accommodation cycloplegia atropine scopolamine Mydriacyl Neo-Synephrine |
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Misc ophthalmic Drugs
BSS balanced sal solutiton irrigate protect fluorescein yellow water-based dye shows green under fluorescent light for corneal abrasions and ulcers |
amblyopia dullness of vision
ametropia defect refractive powers images fail to come to focus on retina anisorcoria pupils unequal |
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aphakia crytalline lens absent
astigmatism defect in refractive powers of eye ray of light not focused on retina spread over area |
bifocal two foci
blepharitis inflammation of edges of eyelids blepharoptosis drooping of upper eyelid |
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choroiditis inflammation of vascular coat of eye
choroidoretinitis inflammation of choroid and retina |
corneal pertaining to cornea
cycloplegia paralysis ciliary muscle |
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dacryocyititis inflammation of tear sac
dacryoma tumor like swelling obstrucion tear duct |
diplopia double vision
ectropion process of turning outward edge of eyelid |
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electroretinogram record electrical response of retina to light
emmetropia normal or perfect vision |
esotropia eyeturns inward crossed
gonioscope instrument examins angle of anterior chanber of eye |
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hyperopia defect in vision parallel rays focus beyond retina farsightedness
intraocular pertaining to within eye |
iridectomy surgical excision portion of iris
iridocyclitis inflammation of iris and ciliary body |
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iridodesis surgical binding of part of iris form artificial one
iridomalacia softening of iris |
iridotasis stretching of iris treatment of glaucoma
keratitis inflammation of cornea |
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keratometer instrument used measure curve of cornea
keratoplasty surgical repair of cornea |
lacrimal pertaining to tears
Meige syndrome movement disorder involves excessive eye blinking blepharospasm involuntary jaw lips tongue oromandibular dystonia |
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myopia defect in vision parallel rays focus in front of retina nearsightedness
nyctalopia night blindness |
ocular pertaining to eye
ophthalmologist specializes in study of eye |
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ophthalmology study of eye
ophthalmopathy eye disease ophthalmoscope instrument used examine interior of eye |
optic eye
optomyometer instrument measure strength of muscles of eye |
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phacolysis sugical desstruction removal crystalline lens intreatment of cataract
phacosclerosis hardening of crystalline lens |
photophobia intolerance of light
presbyopia rays focus beyond dretina farsightedness |
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pupillary pupil
retinal retina retinitis inflammation of retina |
retinoblastoma malignant tumor germ cell of retina
retinopathy disease of retina |
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scleritis inflammation of retina
tonography recording of IOP detects glaucoma |
tonometer instrument measures IOP
trifocal 3 foci uveal second or vascular coat of eye |
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uveitis inflammation of uvea
xenophthalmia inflamed eye condition by foreign material |
xerophthalmia dryness of conjuctiva
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otolaryngologists
physicians med and surgical treatment diseases ear nose throat ENT head and neck |
acous/o hearing
audi/o hearing audit/o hearing |
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aur/o
auricul/o ear |
cochle/o cochlea
labryinth/o inner ear |
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mastoid/o mastoid
myring/o eardrum |
ossicul/o ossicle
ot/o ear |
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salping/o eustachian tube
staped/o stapes 3rd bone of ear |
tympan/o eardrum
vestibul/o vestibule |
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suffixes
-acusis -cusis hearing |
otia ear condition
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overview of ear anatomy
organ of hearing peripheral nervous system |
external or outer ear = auricle visible portion of ear
external auditory canal or tube external acoustic meatus |
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middle ear typanic cavity
tympanum or ear drum auditory canal or tube eustachian tube canal connects middle ear with nasopharynx tympanic membrane ossicles 3 joinedd together bones malleus incus stapes |
inner ear
cochlea sensory nerves for hearing vestibule contains sensory receptors for balance semicircular canalss contain senory receptors balance |
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3 parts to ear
outer part you can see middle ear canal small bones inner eardrum auditory nerve |
vibrations
funnel through ear opening down ear canal eardrum vibrates vibrations passed to small bones transmit to hearing nerve in inner ear vibrations become nerve impulses go to brain inteprets impulses as sound*** |
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outer ear auricle*** or pinna
funnel-like part of ear on side of head hourglass***-narrowing part skin has glands produce earwax trap dust and dirt |
earwax is healthy in normal amounts coats skin termporary water repellent no wax dry*** itchy
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middle ear
air-filled cavity contains 3 bones auditory ossicles**** smallest in body malleus incus and stapes tube connects middle ear to pharynx eustachian tube |
inner ear
contains cochlea*** processes auditory input and semicircular canals process info regarding balances |
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cholesteatoma
skin** growth abnormal locale middle ear behind eardrum can take form of cyst*** sheds dkin builds up can increase in size destroy bones of middle ear |
otitis media
inflammation of middle*** ear most frequent diagnosis for children common cause of hearing loss |
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perforated**results in perforation eardrum (tympanic*** membrane)
hole*** or rupture thin membrane seperates ear canal and middle ear inflammation*** occurs with middle ear infections |
middle ear connected to nose by eustachian*** tube equalizes pressure
middle ear infections cause pain hearing loss rupture of ear-drum perforation infected or bloody drainage called otitis media (inflammation middle***ear) with perforation |
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otoplasy*** pin ears back
stick out more than 4/5 of inch 2 cm from head any age may remove skin cartilage trim reshape secured with stitches can be done when reaches full size*** |
swimmer's ear
infection of outer*** ear structures water trapped ***in ear canal bacteria*** multiplies causes infection and irritation |
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noise and hearing loss
1 in 10 ten ***Am. excessive noise exposure most common cause sensorineural hearing loss or nerve deafness can be reduced or prevented |
tinnitus
head noises*** common 36 mil ***Am may come and go or continuous from low roar to high squeal damage to microscopic endings of hearing nerve inner ear |
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otosclerosis
abnormal growth of bone of middle ear causes hearing loss SSHL sudden sensorineural hearing loss sudden deafness medical emergency |
vestibular schwannoma
acoustic neuroma acoustic neurinoma or acousstic neurilemoma benign slow-growing tumor balance and hearing nerves overproduction of Schwann cells normally wrap around nerve fiberss like onion skin support and insulate nerves |
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usher syndrome
most common involves hearing and vision disease more than one feature symptom retinitis pigmentosa vision worsens 3 types of US |
Waardenburg syndrome
inherited hearing loss changes in skin and hair pigmentation differently colored eyes=hearing loss |
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Cerumen impaction
earwax tightly packed in external ear canal blocked |
Dizzyness
dizzy lightheaded unsteady or giddy imbalace dysequilibrium no sensation of turning or spinning inner ear problem |
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vertigo
turning or spinning inner ear problem |
motion sickness
sea sickness nausea vomiting in airplane auto rides motion sickness minor annoyance not serious |
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balance disorder disturbance***
unsteady giddy woozy movement spsinning floating labyrinth inner ear part of vestibular balance system |
labyrinth*** interacts with other systems eyes visual skeletal sytems also brain and nervous system for balance problems
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3 structures of labyrinth
semicircular*** canals let us know in rotary circular motion superior posterior and horizontal semicircular canals fluid-filled motion of fluid tells moving |
vestibule region of inner ear semicircular canals converge close to cochlea hearing organ
vestibular system*** works with visual keep objects in focus when head is moving joint and muscle receptors ****important maintaining balance brain receives interprets processes info from systems control balance |
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balance maintained by interaction of following parts of nervous system
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inner ears labyrinth monitors direction motion turning forward backward side to side up and down
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eyes
monitor where body in space directions of motion |
skin pressure receptors
joints spine which part of body down and touching ground |
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muscole and joint sensory recceptors
which parts of body moving |
central nervous system
braion and spinal cord processes bits if info from other 4 make coordinated sense of it all |
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symptoms of motion sickness dizziness appear when cns receives conflicting messages from other 4 systems
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in back of moving car reading inner ears and skin receptors detect motion eyes see only book
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movement of fluid in semicircular canals ssignal brain about direction and speed of rotation of head
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each semicircular canal has bulbedor enlarged end contains hair cells embedded in jelly-like cupola rotation of head causes flow of fluid displacement of top portion of hair cells nodding or left to righ movements
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2 other organs of vestibular system utricle and saccule*** otolithic organs responsible detect linear acceleration moving straight
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hair cells of otolithic organs blanketed with jelly-like layer studded with tiny calcium stones called otoconia*** when head tilted displacement of stones cause hair cells to bend
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balance system works with visual ****and skeletal systems maintain orientation visual signals sent to brain about position in relation to gravity ****surroundings processed and compared to vesstibular and skeletal systems
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ex. interaction visual and vestibular systems vestibular-ocular reflex NYSTAGMUS ***involuntary rhythmic eye movement when spun and suddenly stop
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CIRCULATION
brain not enough blood flow lightheaded sometimes poor circ. frequent or chronic basis |
poor circ could be caused by arteriosclerosis high blood pressure diabetes ligh levels of blood fats cholesterol inadequate cardiac heart function or anemia
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meds decrease blood flow nicotine caffeine excess salt spasms in arteries emotional stress anxiety tension
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not enough blood flow to inner ear vertigo occurs
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injury
skull fracture damages inner ear vertigo nausea and hearing loss dizziness last for several weeks slowly imporve |
infection
viruses cold or flu attack inner ear nerve connections to brain severe vertigo hearing ok bacterial mastotiditis completely destroy hearing and equilibruim function recovery similar to skull fracture |
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allergy
dizziness/vertigo exposed to foods or airborne particles dust molds pollens danders |
neurological*** diseases
MS syphilis tumors uncommon |
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BPPV benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
brief intense vertigo occurs specific positional change of head rolling over looking up cause unknown |
labyrinthitis
inflammation or infection of inner ear dizziness loss of balance |
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Meniere's disease
inner ear fluid balance disorder vertigo fluctuating hearing loss tinnitus sensation of fullness in ear cause unknown |
vestibular neuronitis
infection vesibular nerve viral |
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perilymph fistula
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leakage of inner ear fluid middle ear head injury physical exertion unknown
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autoimmune inner ear disease AIED****
inflammatory inner ear immune system attacks cells in inner ear mistaken for virus or bacteria rare <1% 28 mil Am |
Barotrauma***
injury failure equalize pressure of air-containing space air travel scuba alternobaric difference pressure between 2 middle ear spaces stimulates vestibular unequal inlation of middle ear Politzer maneuver |
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IEDCS inner ear **decompression sickness\\
injury resembles barotrauma treatment diff divers breathe helium and oxygen |
IEDCS occurs during ascent decompression or shortly after surfacing barotrauma occurs during descent compression
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otitis externa***
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furuncles of external auditory meatus
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otolaryngologist request hearing exam blood tests electronystagmogram ENG test of vestibular system
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caloric test part of ENG flucched with warm then cool water amount of nystagmus measured
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posturography
stand on platform visually controlled environment body sway recorded |
audiometry
audiogram tersts if hearing loss occurred presenting toness at various pitches |
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intensity of sound measured in decibels dB whisper 20 dB concerts 80-129 dB jet engine 140-180 dB greater than 85 cause hearing loss
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tonre of sound measured in cycles per seconds cps or Hertz low 50 Hz loud shrill 10,000 Hz people 16-16,000
animals 50,000 Hz |
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tuning fork test hearing air conduction and bone conduction tapped placed against mastoid bone
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audiography air conduction earphones attached to audiometer****
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Tympanogram**** measures air pressure in middle ear eustachian tube works and eardrum move
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myringotomy ***surgical incision into eardrum drainage of fluid relieve pain ventilation tube ***placed
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cochlear implants ***
electronic device partial hearing to deaf implanted in inner ear activatied device outside ear directly stimulates nerve of hearing |
Tuning Fork test Weber test Rinne test
vibrate produce musical tone ability to hear sound frequencies |
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stapedectomy****
bypasses diseased bone prosthetic device allows sound waves passed to inner ear |
normal ear drum vibrations move malleus hammer connected to incus anvil stapes stirrup transmits sound vibration
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otosclerosis deposit of new bone prevents footplate of stapes from moving causing hearing loss
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stapedectomy stapes removed prosthesis placed transmit sound vibration from incus anvil to fat plug fascia or vein
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mastoidectomy
mastoid air cellss open air-containging spaces in skull bones surgical removal of mastoid air cells now antibiotics |
insertion of tympanostomy tubes
small tubes inserted in eardrum drain infection |
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excision of squamous cell carcinoma excissed with stellate incision across antihelix
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HEENT
HEAD EAR EYES NOSE THROAT |
