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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A.type of stimulus
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chemo, thermo-temperature, nochi-pain, mechano-physical distortion(hearing), photo-light
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B. origin of stimulus
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intero-inside body, extero-outside body, proprio-body position
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C.by distribution
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1.general senses-everywhere; all types of sensation(touch); receptors tend to be dendrites of neurons
2.Sensory senses |
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Special senses
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a.receptors-some specialized cell/organ
b. sensation is limited to head c. sensations processed in very specific parts of the brain (cortex & association areas) d. neural pathways: specific route from receptor to cerebrum 1st order neuron-point of sensation 2nd order-intermediate point (often brain) 3rd-order-connection to cerebrum |
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Gustation
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-sense of taste
A.sensor location-primary on tongue, cheeks, pharynx |
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Gustation:
Sensor structure |
1.taste bud
2. a.taste cell-has taste hairs(epithelial cell-not neuron) b.supporting cell c.basal cell- type of stem cell for taste cell 3. Taste pore-allow food chemicals & saliva to contact taste hairs 4. sensory neuron fibers-synapse with taste cells. |
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Gustation:
Process of tasting |
1.chemoreception
2.receptors-on taste hairs 3.depolarization-on taste cell 4. release of NT-from taste cell into synapse with neuron. 5.dendrites of sensory neuron 6.sensation transmitted to brain via neural pathway |
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Gustation:
Neural pathway |
1.taste buds synapse with cranial nerves(1st order neuron)
a.VII-facial(anterior 2/3 of tongue) b.IX-glossopharyngeal(posterior 1/3) c.X-vagus(everywhere else, mouth & pharynx) 2.cranial nerve synapses in m.o(solitary nucleus-begin 2nd order neuron) 3a. m.o to thalamus(2nd) a)thalamus starts 3rd order neuron-to postcentral gyrus or 3b. m.o to hypothalamus(2nd)-autonomic gustatory reflex **differ taste sensations result from differ food molecules & differ receptors |
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Olfaction
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-sense of smell
A.sensor location-olfactory mucosa-roof of nasal cavity(membrane->epithelial+connective tissue) 1.superior conchae-root of nasal cavity 2.nasal septum 3.cribriform plate-supports olfactory bulb |
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Olfaction:
Sensor structure |
1.olfactory cells-bipolar neurons with olfactory hairs(specialized dendrites)
2.supporting cells-structural support, secrete mucus 3.basal cells-stem cells 4.olfactory gland-produces mucus |
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Olfactory gland Functions
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-produces mucus
a.trap odor chemical-dendrites covered in mucus b.promotes absorption c.reduces friction d.moisturizes nasal cavity |
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Olfaction:
process of smelling |
1.chemoreception
2.odor chemicals bind to receptors on olfactory hairs 3.neuron depolarizes |
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Olfaction:
neural pathway |
1.axon of bipolar neuron reach through cribriform plate(1st order neuron)
2.synapse in olfactory bulb(2nd order neuron starts in bulb) 3.bulb to primary olfactory cortex(no thalamus)-begins 3 order neuron 4.several other sites -options:hypothalamus-visceral reflexes, emotion-sneezing, coughing, gagging, salivation. *association areas allows you to identify in its good smell or not |
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Hearing:
Sensor location |
1.cochlea
a.vestibular duct b.tympanic duct c.cochlear duct |
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Cochlear duct contains 3 membranes....
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1.vestibular membrane
2.basilar membrane 3.tectorial membrane |
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Hearing:
Sensor structure |
1.spiral organ
a.with hair cells-sensory cells b.tectorial membrane-stationary-gelatinous c.supporting cells-structural & nutrition support 2.hair cells attached to nerve fibers |
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Hearing:
Process of hearing |
1.mechanoreception-physical distortion of sensory cell
2.sound waves hit tympanic membrane-distortion & vibration(770 miles/sec) 3.movement of auditory ossicles results from vibration if tympanic membrane 4.stapes pushes on oval window-entrance to vestibular duct 5.fluid pressure builds in perilymph(like CSF, w/ high Na content); endolymph-low Na, high K+ concentration; causes distortion of basilar membrane organ of Corti sits on top of basilar membrane 6.hair cells are pushed up against tectorial membrane; mechanically-regulated ion gates open, ions move; depolarization of hair cell 7.hair cell depolarize-release of NT into synapse w/ neuron(cochlear nerve) |
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Hearing:
Neural pathway |
1.hair cells synapse w/ cochlear nerve
2.(1st order)cochlear nerve merges w/ vestibular nerve(#8 vestibulocochlear) 3.cochlear part of nerve travels to brain stem(pons); 2nd order neuron starts here. 4.2nd order neuron travel in various directions; visceral reflexes-including inferior colliculus; 3rd neuron starts in inferior colliculus-travels to thalamus 5.to thalamus(begin 4th order neuron) 6.(4th order neuron)to auditory cortex |
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Equilibrium
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balance, body position, orientation in 3 dimensions
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Equilibrium:
sensor location |
-vestibular apparatus
1.2 chambers a.saccule-vertical acceleration b.utricle-linear acceleration 2.3 semicircular canals-rorational acceleration a.anterior-nodding head ("yes") b.lateral-shaking head side to side("no") c.posterior-shaking ear to shoulder |
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Equilibrium:
Sensor structure |
1.saccule & utricle-within vestibule-contains patches of hair cells called:
a.macula 1.hair cells-embedded in otolithic membrane (sensory receptor is hair cell) 2.supporting cells 3.otholithic membrane-"otholiths"-calcium carbonate crystals-gelatinous material weighted down by otoliths 2.semicircular canals-fluid filled; end in ampulla a.crista ampullaris-sensory organ 1.hairs cells-receptors 2.supporting cells b.cupula-gelatinous cup over hair cells |
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Equilibrium:
maintaining equilibrium/balancing |
1.mechanoreception
2.head movement(macula or crista) causes movement of a gelatinous mass which stimulates hair cells 3.hair cells depolarize & release NT 4.synapse w/ vestibular nerve-branch of cranial nerve #8; 1st order neuron |
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Equilibrium:
Neural pathway |
1.vestibular nerve merges w/ cochlear nerve(to form #8, 1st order neuron)
2.to brain stem(pons & m.o, 2nd order neuron) 3.several possible pathways of 2nd order neuron: a.cerebellum-maintenance of body position/posture b.vestibulo-ocular reflex by merging w/ cranial nerves #3,4,6 -eye try to maintain steady position even though body is moving(spinning) c.spinal cord-issuing commands to fine tune posture d.thalamus-filtering sensory input;starts 3rd order neuron 4.to postcentral gyrus(vestibular cortex) |
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Vision:
Sensor location |
-retina
1.fibrous tunic 2.vascular tunic 3.neural tunic |
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Vision:
fibrous tunic |
a.sclera
b.cornea-protective function |
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Vision:
vascular tunic |
a.choroid
b.ciliary body |
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Vision:
neural tunic |
a.retina
1.photoreceptor cells 2.macula lutea 3.fovea centralis b.optic nerve-extends from the back of eye |
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Vision:
ciliary muscle contracts |
=focus close
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Vision:
ciliary muscle relaxes |
=focus is distant
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Vision:
Sensor structure |
-photoreceptor cells(light)
1.rods-night vision 2.cones-color vision *both derived from ependymal cells |
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Vision:
process of seeing |
1.photoreception
2.visible wavelengths pass through pupil(400-700nm); visible means wavelengths stimulate/excite our photoreceptors 3.waves are bent-to reach photoreceptors 4.light to back of retina-some absorbed by dark pigment; some stimulates photoreceptor cell 5.light excites photoreceptor cells-chemically-regulated gates; change membrane permeability to sodium |
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Vision:
Neural pathway |
1.rods & cones synapse w/ bipolar neurons (bipolar neuron is the 1st order neuron)
2.bipolar neuron synapse w/ ganglion cell-2nd order neuron 3.axons(of ganglion cells) converge into optic disk to form optic nerve II 4.optic nerve from each nerve to optic chiasm(no synapse) 1/2 of each nerve will cross over to other side of brain 5.to thalamus(begin 3rd order neuron) 6.to visual cortex *to other locations-superior colliculi-visual reflex |
