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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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differentiated instructions
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teaching strategies, altering some students' tasks, and modifying how they perform those tasks
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specific learning disability
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a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or using spoken words or written language
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inclusionary standard
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refers to embedding certain criteria within a definition so as to clearly state the conditions that the definition covers.
Ex. IDEA definition of learning disabilities, perceptual disabilities, brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction, dyslexia, and developmental aphasia are included conditions |
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exclusionary standard
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refers to embedding particular exemptions within a definition
Ex. in the IDEA definition of learning disabilities, learning disabilities do not include learning problems the primarily result from visual impairment; hearing loss; mental retardation; emotional disturbance; or environmental, cultural, or economical disadvantages. |
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dyslexia
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refers to the condition of having severe difficulty in learning to read
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procedural problems
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frequent errors in understanding math concepts and difficulty sequencing the steps of harder problems
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semantic memory problems
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difficulty remembering math facts
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visual spatial problems
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difficulty reproducing numbers
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short-term memory
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the mental ability to recall information that has been stored for a few seconds to a few hours
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long-term memory
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involves storing information permanently for later recall
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working memory
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refers to how students process information in order to remember it
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metacognition
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refers to focusing attention, being organized, engaging in future planning, and solving problems
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speech disorder
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difficulty producing sounds as well as disorders of voice quality
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language disorder
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difficulty receiving, understanding, or formulating ideas and information
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receptive language disorder
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difficulty receiving or understanding information
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expressive language disorder
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difficulty formulating ideas and information
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cleft palate or lip
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a condition in which a person has a split in the upper part of the oral cavity or upper lip. Speech disorders a sometimes associated with this
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dialect
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a language variation that a group of individuals uses and that reflects shared regional, social, or cultural/ethnic factors
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speech
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it is the oral expression of language
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language
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it is a structured, shared, rule-governed, symbolic system for communicating
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phonology
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the use of sounds to make meaningful syllables and words
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morphology
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the system that governs the structure of words
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morpheme
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smallest meaningful unit of speech
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syntax
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provides rules for putting together a series of words to form sentences
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semantics
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refers to the meaning of what is expressed
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pragmatics
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refers to the use of communication in contexts
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social interaction theories
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emphasizes that communication skills are learned through social interactions
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articulation
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a speaker's production of individual or sequenced sounds
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substitutions
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when a child substitutes different consonant sounds
Ex. /d/ for the voiced /th/ (doze for those) |
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omissions
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occur when a child leaves a phoneme out of a word
Ex. boo for blue |
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additions
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occur when students place a vowel between two consonants
Ex. tree to tahree |
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distortions
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modifications of the production of a phoneme in a word; a listener gets the sense that the sound is being produced, but it seems distorted.
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apraxia
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it is a motor speech disorder that affects the way in which a student plans to produce speech
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specific language impairment
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it is a language disorder with no identifiable cause in a person with apparently normal development in all other areas
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organic disorders
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caused by an identifiable problem in the neuromuscular mechanism of the person
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functional disorders
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no identifiable organic or neurological cause
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congenital disorder
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a disorder that occurs at or before birth
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acquired disorder
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a disorder that occurs well after birth
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bilingual
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uses two languages equally well
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bidialectal
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uses two variations of a language
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anxiety disorder
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characterized by overwhelming fear, worry, and/or uneasiness.
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cognitive behavioral therapy
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involves teaching the use of inner speech (self talk) to modify underlying cognitions that affect overt behavior
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mood disorder
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involves an extreme deviation in either a depressed or an elevated direction or sometimes in both directions at different times
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bipolar disorder
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exaggerated mood swings
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oppositional defiant disorder
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a pattern of negativistic, hostile, disobedient, and defiant behaviors
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cognitive behavioral intervention
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focuses on problem solving and learning to resolve challenges in nonconflicting ways
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conduct disorder
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consists of a persistent patter of anti social behavior that significantly interferes with others' rights or with schools' and communities' behavioral expectations
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catatonic behavior
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behavior that lacks typical movement, activity, and/or expression
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externalizing behaviors
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behavior disorders comprising aggressive, acting-out, and noncompliant behaviors
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internalizing behavior
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behavior disorders comprising social withdrawal, depression, anxiety, obsessions, and compulsions
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temperament
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refers to behavioral tendencies that are biologically based
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hyperactivity
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behaviors associated with frequent movement, difficulty concentrating, and talking excessively
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impulsivity
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behaviors such as difficulty awaiting one's turn, interrupting or intruding on others, and blurting out answers before questions have been completed
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dopamine
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one of the brains neurotransmitters, carrying out signals between neurons
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neurotransmitters
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carries signals between neurons
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mental retardation (copy word for word)
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significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior
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intellectual disability
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covers the same population of individuals who were diagnosed previously with mental retardation in number, kind, level, type and duration of the disability and the need of people with this disability for individualized services and supports
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generalization
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the ability to transfer knowledge or behavior learned for doing one task to another task and to make that transfer across different settings or environments
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outer directedness
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distrusting their own solutions and depending on others to guide them
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adaptive behavior
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collection of conceptual, social, and practical skills that have been learned by people in order to function in their everyday lives
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What percentage of students in Special Education have learning disabilities?
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almost 50%
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Does LD discriminate?
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Not against age, race, and socioeconomic background
However, it does in gender Boys are 4-5x more likely |
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Is there a connection between genetics and LD?
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yes
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What is the connection between genetics and environmental causes for students with LD?
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parents who suffered from a LD growing up are less likely to read to their children.
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Can students with LD experience social challenges?
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Yes- 3/4 of LD students have experienced challenges in the social arena
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Learning disabilities result from what?
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a central nervous system dysfunction
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If someone is hyperlexic, they...
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began reading earlier than normal
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Who is Lauren Marsh?
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-8th grader
-LD (in math) -learns with students without disabilities |
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When was the first term learning disabilities created?
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1963 by Sam Kirk
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Who is George Wedge?
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-12 years old
-has a congenital malformation since before birth -communication disorder -cleft pallet -difficulty swallowing -early intervention |
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Although many individuals have a speech ________, they do not necessarily have a language or speech _________.
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difference, disorder
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At what age is a person able to produce nearly all the consonants and vowels
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8 years old
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Speech disorders include
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articulation, voice and fluency
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Who is Matthew Ackinclose?
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-14 years old
-has an emotional or behavioral disorder -started as an infant -very smart in school |
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What are the characteristics that refer to emotional disturbance?
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MUST OCCUR OVER A LONG TIME
.inability to learn that cannot be explained by intellectual, sensory or health factors .an inability to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships with peers and teachers .inappropriate types of behavior or feelings under normal circumstances .a general pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression .a tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears associated with personal or school problems. |
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What are some anxiety disorders?
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separation anxiety disorder
generalized anxiety disorder phobia panic disorder obsessive compulsive disorder post traumatic stress disorder |
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What is the most common childhood disorder?
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anxiety disorder
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A person has schizophrenia if they have three attributes. What are they?
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-one of the following:
highly unusual delusions, an auditory hallucination of one voice that proves commentary on the individual's characteristics, auditory hallucinations with multiple voices conversing At least two of the following: delusions, hallucinations, catatonic behavior -other negative symptoms characterized by a loss of contact with reality |
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For emotional or behavioral disorders, IQs are in what range?
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low average range
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What are the biological causes of emotional or behavioral disorders?
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primarily relates to brain functioning and heredity
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What are some environmental considerations for emotional or behavioral disabilities?
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.school factors
.family factors |
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Who is Kelsey Blankenship?
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-4th grader
-has AD/HD |
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AD/HD accounts for slightly over _____ (fraction) of the students identified in recent years in the category of health impairments
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2/3
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What are the three subtypes of AD/HD?
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predominately hyperactive-impusive type,
predominately inattentive type, combined type |
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Who is Stephen Sabia?
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-high schooler
-has an intellectual disability -manages JV football at his school |
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For a disability to be called an intellectual disability, the disability has to originate ________.
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before age 18
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When did the term 'intellectual disabilities' become the new politically correct phrase instead of 'mental retardation'?
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2006
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What are the 4 different types of supports?
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Intermittent- supports on an "as needed" basis
Limited- an intensity characterized by consistency over time, time limited and costs less than intensive levels of support Extensive- characterized by regular involvement Pervasive- high intensity, provided across environments and involves more staff members |
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What is the IQ scale like?
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mild mental retardation-
50-55 to 70 moderate mental retardation- 35-40 to 50-55 severe mental retardation- 20-25 to 30-40 profound mental retardation- below 20-25 |
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What are the two categories of causes of intellectual disabilities?
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timing and type
timing refers to the onset type refers to biomedical factors, social factors, behavioral factors, and or educational factors |
