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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Bowlby proposed that kids go through 3 behavioural phases during prolonged separation from parents. They were: |
1. Protest 2. Despair 3. Detachment |
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In this phase, kids tried to regain mothers by demanding her return & resisting caregivers |
Protest Phase (lasts few hours - 1 week+) |
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In this phase, kids appeared to have recovered & they acted indifferent when mom visited They seemed as though they had little/no emotional ties |
Detachment Phase |
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In this phase, kids seemed to lose hope of ever being reunited w their mothers & became apathetic/unresponsive |
Phase of Despair |
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In Bowlby's 4th stage, permanent withdrawal from human relationships, they become less interested in what? |
Human contact they become more egocentric as attention shifts more towards inanimate objects than human |
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Attachment is defined as: |
close emotional relationship between 2 people |
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Describe the Sensitive Period Hypothesis |
parents who had extensive close contact w their newborns in the 1st few hours after birth would become emotionally bonded The bond formed during this period would be stronger than those established later |
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Participants adjust their behaviours in response to the partner's actions & emotions - this is known as |
Synchronized routines |
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infants begin to show more interest in their mother's face between ________ weeks |
4-9 |
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By 2-3mos, infants begin to understand _______________ |
simple contingencies --> smiling at mom usually results in mom smiling back |
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when is interactional synchrony likely to develop? |
- caregiver carefully attends to baby's state - provides playful stimulation - limit social stimulation to when baby is alert & receptive |
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________________ are important contributors to emotional attachments |
synchronized exchanges |
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In Schaffer & Emerson's study of development of emotional attachments, babies were considered attached if ________________ |
if they elicited protest |
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Scheffer & Emerson's phases include: |
1. The asocial phase 2. Phase of Indiscriminate attachments 3. Specific Attachment phase 4. Phase of Multiple attachments |
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Asocial Phase |
- many social/nonsocial stimuli produce a favourable reaction - begin to show preference for social stimuli by 6weeks |
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Phase of Indiscriminate Attachments |
- clearly enjoy human company - likely fuss when put down - 3-6mos reserve big smiles for familiar people |
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Specific Attachment Phase |
- fuss when separated from specific individual (usually mom) - try to stay close to mom - wary of strangers - development of 1st genuine attachments - 7-9mos |
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Phase of Multiple Attachments |
- by 18 mos are usually attached to 5+ people - attachment objects may serve different functions |
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THEORIES OF ATTACHMENT |
Psychoanalytic Theory Learning Theory Cognitive Developmental Theory Ethological Theory |
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- I love you bc you feed me |
Psychoanalytic theory |
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Rewardingness leads to love |
Learning Theory |
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Perhaps I was born to relate & love |
Ethological Theory |
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To love you, I must know you'll be there |
Cognitive Developmental Theory |
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Psychoanalytic Theory |
- infants desire satisfaction from sucking objects & are attracted to people who provide oral pleasure - mother = primary attachment figure bc she feeds the infant - caregiver who responds to infant's needs foster infant's sense of trust in others |
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Learning Theory |
- over time infants should associate mother w pleasurable emotions so she becomes a valuable commodity - Harlow's monkeys showed that contact comfort is a more powerful contributor to attachment than feeding - reinforcement = responsible for emotional attachments |
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Cognitive Developmental Theory |
- ability to form attachments depends in part on infant's level of cognitive development - infant must 1st be able to discriminate familiar faces from strangers - recognize permanence - attachments first form at 7-9mos |
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Ethological Theory |
- species are born w a # of innae behavioural tendencies that have contributed to their survival - purpose of primary attachment is to permit survival & reproduction - Lorenz's duck study --> imprinting |
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Lorenz's duck study showed what about imprinting? |
- it is automatic - irreversible - occurs in critical period - those who wander may starve or be eaten to the tendency is innate to increase chances of survival |
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What is the function of babies have cute/lovable features? |
- helps elicit positive attention from others that promotes emotional attachments - adults predisposed to respond favourably to baby's signals |
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T or F: Babies are active participants in the attachment process |
TRUE |
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3 recommendations for making necessary separations easier on the child: |
- provide an explanation - leave a reminder of home - choose a sensitive substitute caregiver |
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Describe a secure attachment |
- 60-65% of kids - infants warmly greets mother upon return - outgoing when mother is present - explores |
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What is resistant attachment? |
~10% of kids - explore very little when mom is present - very distressed when she leaves - stays close to mom upon return but seems angry & resists physical contact - wary of strangers |
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Avoidant Attachment |
- shows little distress when separated from mom - ignores mom upon return - may ignore strangers |
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Disorganized/Disoriented |
5 - 15% - reflects confusion about whether to approach or avoid caregiver - may look fearful, freeze or curl up on the floor |
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When assessing the attachment style of a child 1-5yrs, what method is used? |
the attachment question set |
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when measuring the attachment style of an adult, which method is used? |
the adult attachment interview (AAI) - allows us to answer whether the quality of an infant's primary attachment stable over time |
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In which cultures would you see more resistant attachment styles and stranger anxiety? |
Cultures where parents rarely leave kids w substitute caregivers --> Japan tells us that attachment relationships are culturally universal |
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Compare Japanese mothers and US mothers |
- japanese mothers strive to anticipate all the baby's needs rather than reacting to different cries - Japanese seek to promote infant's amae |
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- state of total dependence on the mother & a presumption of mother love & indulgence |
amae |
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mothers of securely attached infants are thought to be: |
sensitive responsive insightful understanding of the causes of the child's emotions |
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Kids who show resistant attachment tend to have parents who are: |
inconsistent in caregiving react unenthusiastically are indifferent |
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what are 2 patterns of caregiving that place infants at risk of developing avoidant attachments? |
- impatient caregivers -overzealous caregivers |
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- clinically depressed - those who feel neglected, unloved, abused - those w unplanned pregnancies/unwanted These are all types of people who are at risk of becoming ______________ |
insensitive caregivers |
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Describe an infant that Kagan would predict to be classified as resistant |
- temperamentally difficult - actively resists changes in routine - distressed by novelty |
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A child who is shy and slow to warm up to others would likely be classified as: |
avoidant |
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what did the study of mothers of difficult Dutch infants demonstrate? (trained to be more patient, sensitive & responsive) |
sensitive caregiving is causally related to attachment quality - genetic contributions were modest at best |
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Differences in attachment styles largely reflect contributions of _____________ environmental influences, whereas resemblances in attachments were more affected by ___________ environmental influences |
nonshared; shared |
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In Main & Weston's study, toddlers who were securely attached to _____________ parent(s) were the most socially responsive group |
both parents - also less anxious & socially withdrawn |
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Those securely attached to 1 parent were more ____________ to the class clown & less _____________ than insecure kids |
friendly; emotionally conflicted |
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What did kids who were securely attached to fathers tend to show? |
- better self-regulation - greater social competencies - lower levels of problem behaviours |
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Those who were securely attached at 12-18mos tend to be: |
- better problem solvers at 2yrs old - more complex & creative in symbolic play - more positive in emotional display - more attractive playmates |
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Which attachment style is at a risk of becoming hostile & aggressive? |
disorganized |
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Social leaders, curious, self-directed kids are likely _____________ attached at 15mos |
securely |
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Infants who are insecurely attached at 15mos tend to be: |
- socially withdrawn - hesitant to play w others - less interested in learning |
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o Parent-adolescentconflict best predicted how well the individuals got along w their spouses |
true |
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Infants develop working models of the self largely based on what? |
- their ability to elicit attention & comfort when they need it |
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In Belski, Spritz & Crnic's study, what did they find when comparing securely & insecurely attached kids? |
they did not differ in their attention to positive and negative events (didn't expect more of one than the other) BUT securely attached kids excelled at remembering + events, and insecurely attached kids excelled at remembering - events |
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- appears normal for the first 3-6mos - at 6mos, seldom cries, coos or babbles - often appear depressed & uninterested in social contact this describes an infant who is what? |
infants who are socially deprived |
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inability to bond, securely or otherwise, toadoptive or foster parents, even when new caregivers have secure working modelsof attachment relationships |
Reactive attachment disorder |
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What was found when comparing institutionalized infants w secure attachments and securely attached infants who were reared at home? |
though both were securely attached, the institutionalized infants were significantly less close & comfortable |
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What was found when looking at Romanian institutionalized adoptees? |
Those who'd spent 6mos+ in an institution showed lower IQs at 11 BUT 1/3 of adoptees who'd spent >6mos in institutions were functioning normally by 11 6 months seems to be a critical period |
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· the notion that sociallydeprived infants develop abnormally bc they have failed to establishattachments to a primary caregiver |
Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis |
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Describe the findings after Asian adoptees were placed in a highly stimulating, middle class home |
after 2yrs, they scored significantly above average on IQ tests & social maturity assessments |
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· Kids who’d spent moretime in alternative care for the first 4.5yrs of their life were somewhat moreaggressive & disobedient in elementary school |
true |
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Which is reported to be more beneficial for the parent-child relationship, longer or shorter leaves? |
longer |
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the combination of physical & psychological attributes that are unique to a person |
Self |
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this is thought to be largely determined by others' reactions to a person |
looking-glass self |
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Cooley & Mead believed what 2 things are intertwined? |
self and social development - neither can progress without the other |
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At what point do newborns develop a concept of self? |
not until they realize they exist independent of the objects & individuals they encounter on a regular basis They then learn that their behaviour elicits predictable reactions from others |
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Social cognition |
thinking that people display about the thoughts,feelings, motives and behaviours of themselves and others |
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What evidence is given to support that even newborns have the capacity to distinguish the self from their surrounding environment? |
Bebies cry at hearing a recording of other babies' cries but not to their own, implying differentiation of self & others |
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At what age are the first signs of self-awareness thought to be seen? |
2-3mos |
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A child may begin pointing around ____ mos, indicating that they recognize they and a companion can share perceptual experiences by joint attention |
9 mos |
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By ____ months old, infants can clearly discriminate between themselves and another face in a mirror |
4-5mos |
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When given the mirror rouge test, what age group started showing signs of self-recognition? |
15-17mos |
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At what age did the majority of kids actually touch their own nose, showing that they recognized their self in the mirror |
18-24mos |
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It is not until ____yrs old that they will be able to retrieve a sticker on their head if they see it being placed their on a 2-3min delayed video (showing recognition of extended self) |
3.5yrs old |
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2-3yr olds recognize current representations of self butare largely unaware that past self-representations of self-relevant events haveimplications for the future |
Present self |
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Extended self (3.5-5yrs) |
more mature self-representation, emergingbetween ages 3.5 and 5yrs in whichkids are able to integrate past, present and unknown futureself-representations into a notion of a self that endures over time |
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around 18-24mos, infants are said to internalize their sensorimotor schemes to form what? |
mental symbols |
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self-conscious emotions cannot be experienced until __________________ is achieved |
self-recognition |
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what becomes of a toddler as they develop greater self-recognition? |
- become more outgoing -take pleasure in imitating a playmate's activities - display more complex forms of social pretend play |
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What is categorical self? |
a person's classification of the self along socially significant dimensions such as age & sex |
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what does the "misidentification" phenomenon refer to? |
Native American children can discriminate Indians from Whites in pictures, but aren't fully able to specify in which category they fit There is also a pro-white bias when making "good/bad" associations depending on one's skin colour |
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When asked "who are you?" one responds "I am a boy, I have blue eyes, I have a bike" (physical attributes) this response would likely be from someone _____ yrs old |
3-5, preschool age |
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Ray says "My name is Ray, I am a good swimmer, I am an honest person" Including descriptions of more external attributes as well as inner qualities, Ray is probably around ______ yrs old |
11 (middle childhood) |
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"me"; the aspects others can see or infer |
Public self |
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"I"; The inner/subjective aspects of self that are known only to the individual and are not available for public scrutiny |
the Private self |
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What is theory of mind? |
an understanding that people have mental states (desires, beliefs, intentions) that are not always shared w others, & that often guide their behaviour |
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What is the 1st step towards acquiring a Theory of Mind? |
realizing that oneself & others are animate objects whose behaviours reflect goals and intentions |
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If a 6m/o sees an actor talking to an unseen stimulus behind a screen, what do they expect to see once the screen is removed? |
an animate object; they'd be surprised to see an inanimate object bc they recognize that people don't usually talk to inanimate objects |
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By what age can a child typically discriminate between an adult's negative and positive intent? |
9mos |
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What is desire theory? |
a person's actions are thought to be a reflection of her desires rather than other mental states, such as beliefs |
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at what age do toddlers discover that desires influence behaviour?
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18mos --> if tommy wants a cookie, he is going to go get a cookie |
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if an 18m/o were to see a woman express disgust when eating crackers, but enjoyment when eating broccoli, which of the 2 options would they offer the woman? |
they would offer her the broccoli, as they understand that the woman desires the broccoli over the crackers |
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understanding of the workings of the mind expands rapidly between ______ yrs old |
2-5 |
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2-3yr olds display some understanding of the connections between different mental states; they know that a child who wants a cookie will feel ________ if they receive it, & ________ if they don't |
happy; sad |
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at 2-3yrs old (desire theorists), kids start to become aware that others cannot perceive their thoughts, this often leads to the beginning of ___________ |
lying |
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What is belief desire theory of mind? |
kids recognize that beliefs and desires are different mental states and that either or both can influence one's conduct |
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a boy breaks his mother's vase - he tries to overcome mom's desire to punish him by altering her mental state (trying to make her believe it was unintentional) What does this exemplify? |
belief desire theory of mind |