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134 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Self-Disclosure
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Evaluative and descriptive information about the self, shared intentionally, that another would have trouble finding out without being told.
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Public Information
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Personal facts, usually socially approved characteristics, we make part of our public image.
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Private Information
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Assessments, both good and bad, that we make about ourselves, including our personal values and our interests, fears, and concerns.
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History
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Information that may sound personal to another person but that is relatively easy for us to tell.
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Story
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Information we feel we are taking a risk telling another.
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Topical Intimacy
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The level of intimacy inherent in a topic.
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Androgynous
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Having both masculine and feminine traits.
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Reciprocity
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The tendency to respond in kind to another's self-disclosure.
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Dyadic Effect
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The tendency for us to return another's self-disclosure with one that matches it in level of intimacy.
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Cyclic Alternation
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A strategy for dealing with dialectic tensions in a relationship that allows us to choose opposite poles of the dialectic at different times.
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Segmentation
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A strategy for dealing with dialectic tensions in a relationship that allows us to isolate separate arenas, such as work and home, for using each pole in the opposition.
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Selection
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A strategy for dealing with dialectic tensions in a relationship that allows us to choose one of the opposite poles of a dialectic and ignore our need for the other.
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Integration
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A strategy for dealing with the dialectic tension in a relationship that allows us to synthesize the opposites. Integration can take three forms: neutralizing, disqualifying, and reframing.
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Neutralizing
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A strategy for coping with dialectic tensions in a relationship that allows us to strike a compromise between the two opposing poles of a dialectic.
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Disqualifying
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A strategy for coping with dialectic tensions in a relationship by exempting certain topics from discussion.
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Taboo Topics
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Issues that are out of bounds for discussion.
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Social Penetration Model
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A model of self-disclosure and relational development that illustrates how sharing increasingly more personal information intensifies a relationship's intimacy level.
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Breadth
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A dimension of self-disclosure that indicates the number of topics discussed within a relationship.
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Depth
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A dimension of self-disclosure indicating how much detail we provide about a specific topic.
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Johari Window
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A model used to understand the process of self-disclosure consisting of a square with four panels that provides a pictorial representation of how "known" we are to ourselves and others.
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Open Self
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In the Johari Window, the pane that includes all the information about us that we know and that we have shared with others through disclosures.
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Hidden Self
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In the Johari Window, the pane that includes the information about ourselves we are aware of but that we have chosen not to disclose.
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Blind Self
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In the Johari Window, the pane that includes information others know about us that we are unaware of.
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Unknown Self
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In the Johari Window, the pane that includes the information that neither we nor others are aware of about ourselves.
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Catharsis
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A therapeutic release of tensions and negative emotion as a result of self-disclosing.
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Interpersonal Conflict
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The interaction of interdependent people who perceive incompatible goals and interference from each other in achieving those goals.
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Interaction
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A necessary condition for conflict, given that conflicts are created and sustained through verbal and nonverbal communication.
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Interdependence
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A necessary condition for conflict, given that people involved in conflict rely on each other, need each other, and are in a relationship with each other.
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Image Conflict
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A conflict with another about one's sense of oneself.
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Content Conflict
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A conflict that revolves around an issue. Also called a substantive conflict.
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Public Issue
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An issue outside a relationship that can cause a content conflict.
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Personal Issue
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An issue related to a relationship that can cause a content conflict.
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Value Conflict
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A conflict in which the content is specifically about a question of right and wrong.
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Relational Conflict
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A conflict that focuses on issues concerning the relationship between two people.
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Serial Conflicts
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Conflicts that recur over time in people's everyday lives, without a resolution.
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Meta-Conflict
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A conflict about the way a conflict is conducted.
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Symmetrical Escalation
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In a conflict, each party choosing to increase the intensity of the conflict.
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Symmetrical Withdrawal
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In a conflict, neither partner being willing to confront the other.
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Pursuit-Withdrawal
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In a conflict, a pattern consisting of one party pressing for a discussion about a conflictual topic while the other party withdraws.
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Withdrawal-Pursuit
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In a conflict, a pattern in which one party withdraws, which prompts the other party to pursue.
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Symmetrical Negotiation.
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In a conflict, each party mirroring the other's negotiating behaviors.
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Bullying
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A particular form of conflict in which the abuse is persistent and the person being bullied finds it very difficult to defend himself or herself.
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Positive Interaction Ratio
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An interpersonal encounter in which the participants say more positive things to each other than negative things.
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Negative Interaction Ratio
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An interpersonal encounter in which the participants say more negative things to each other than positive things.
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Placating
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Being passive or ignoring our own needs in a conflict.
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Pouncing
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Responding in an aggressive manner without acknowledging the needs of another person in a conflict.
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Computing
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Disqualifying the emotional aspects of a conflict (the context) and focusing on the rational aspects.
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Distracting
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Disqualifying the subject of a conflict by distracting both people in the conflict with behaviors such as laughing, crying, or changing the subject.
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Distal Context
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The background that frames a specific conflict.
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Proximal Context
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The rules, emotions, and beliefs of the individuals involved in a conflict.
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Conflict Interaction
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The point in the conflict process when the differences between two individuals become a problem and one or both people begin to address the issue.
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Proximal Outcomes
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The immediate results after a conflict interaction.
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Distal Outcomes
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The residue of having engaged in a conflict and the feelings that both the participants have about their interaction.
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Power
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In interpersonal relationships, the ability to control the behavior of another.
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Direct Application of Power
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In a conflict situation, the use of any resource at our disposal to compel another to comply, regardless of that person's desires.
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Direct and Virtual Use of Power
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Communicating the potential use of a direct application of power.
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Indirect Application of Power
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Employing power without making its employment explicit.
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Relational Message
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A message that defines a relationship and implicitly states that the sender has the power to define the relationship.
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Hidden Power
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A type of power in which one person in a relationship suppresses or avoids decisions in the interest of one of the parties. Also called unobtrusive power.
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Empowerment
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Helping to actualize our own or another person's power.
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Role Relationships
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A relationship in which the partners are interdependent while accomplishing a specific task, such as a server and a customer at a restaurant.
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Close Relationships
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A relationship that endures over time and that consists of interdependent partners who satisfy each other's needs for connection and social inclusion, feel an emotional attachment to each other, are irreplaceable to each other, and enact unique communication patterns.
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Relational Culture
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The notion that relational partners collaborate and experience shared understandings, roles, and rituals that are unique to their relationship.
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Family Stories
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Bits of lore about family members and activities that are told and retold as a way for family members to construct a sense of family identity and meaning.
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Ritual
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A repeated patterned communication event in a family's life.
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Wholeness
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A principle that states that we can't fully understand a system by simply picking it apart and understanding each of its parts in isolation from one another.
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Hierarchy
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A principle that states that all relationships are embedded within larger systems.
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Subsystems
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Lower-level systems of relationship, such as a sibling relationship within a family.
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Suprasystems
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Higher-level systems of relationship, such as a neighborhood consisting of several families.
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Boundaries or Openness
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A systems principle referring to the fact that hierarchy is formed by creating boundaries around each separate system (brother/sister, family as whole, etc.). However, human systems are inherently open, which means that information passes through these boundaries.
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Calibration
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The process of systems setting their parameters, checking on themselves, and self-correcting.
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Recalibrate
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Adjust a relationship to accommodate changing needs of the parties.
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Positive Feedback
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Feedback that causes a system to recalibrate and change.
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Negative Feedback
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Feedback that causes a system to reject recalibration and stay the same.
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Equifinality
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The ability to achieve the same goals (or ends) by a variety of means.
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Autonomy and Connection Dialectic
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The tension between our desire to be independent or autonomous while simultaneously wanting to feel a connection with our partner.
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Novelty and Predictability Dialectic
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Our simultaneous, opposing desires for excitement and stability in our relationships.
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Judgement and Acceptance Dialectic
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Our desire to criticize a friend as opposed to accepting a friend for who he or she is.
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Affection and Instrumentality Dialectic
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The tension between framing a friendship with someone as an end in itself (affection) or seeing it as a means to another end (instrumentality).
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Internal Dialectics
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Tensions resulting from oppositions inherent in relational partners' communication with each other.
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External Dialectics
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Tensions between oppositions that have to do with how relational partners negotiate the public aspects of their relationship.
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Public and Private Dialectic
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The tension between how much of a friendship is demonstrated in public and what parts are kept private.
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Ideal and Real Dialectic
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The tension between an idealized vision of friendship and the real friends one has.
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Costs
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Those things in relational life that we judge as negative.
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Rewards
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Those parts of being in a relationship that we find pleasurable.
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Comparison Level
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A person's standard level for what types of costs and rewards should exist in a given relationship.
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Comparison Level for Alternatives
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A comparison of the costs and rewards of a current relationship to the possibility of doing better in a different relationship.
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Relative Power Position
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A situation in which a partner in a relationship believes he or she has a higher power status that the other partner, and so will engage in risky strategies without freaking the costs.
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Initiating Stage
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The first stage in the coming together part of Knapp's model of relationship development, in which two people notice each other and indicate to each other that they are interested in making contact.
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Short-term Attraction
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A judgement of relationship potential that propels us into initiating a relationship.
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Long-term Attraction
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Judgement of a relationship that makes us want to continue a relationship after initiating it. This attraction sustains and maintains relationships.
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Experimenting Stage
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A stage in the coming together part of Knapp's model of relationship development in which two people become acquainted by gathering information about each other.
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Small Talk
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Conversational interactions that are relaxed, pleasant, uncritical, and casual.
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Intensifying Stage
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A stage in the coming together part of Knapp's model of relationship development in which the intimacy between the partners intensifies.
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Integrating Stage
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A stage in the coming together part of Knapp's model of relationship development in which two partners form a clear identity as a couple.
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Bonding Stage
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The final stage in the coming together part of Knapp's model of relationship development, in which partners make a public commitment to their relationship.
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Differentiating Stage
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The first stage in the coming apart section of Knapp's model of relationship development, in which two people begin to notice ways in which they differ.
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Circumscribing Stage
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A stage in the coming apart section of Knapp's model of relationship development in which two people's communication behaviors are restrained so that fewer topics are raised (for fear of conflict), more issues are out of bounds, and they interact less.
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Stagnating Stage
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A stage in the coming apart section of Knapp's model of relationship development in which circumscribing is extended so far that a couple no longer talks much except in the most routinized ways.
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Imagined Conversation
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A conversation with oneself in which one partner plays the parts of both partners in a mental rehearsal.
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Avoiding Stage
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A stage in the coming apart section of Knapp's model of relationship development in which two partners stay away from each other because they feel that being together is unpleasant.
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Terminating Stage
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The last stage in the coming apart section of Knapp's model of relationship development, in which a relationship is ending.
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Networking
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In relational development, finding out information about a person from a third party.
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Offering
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Putting ourselves in a good position for another to approach us in a social situation.
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Approaching
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Providing nonverbal signals that indicate we'd like to initiate contact with another person, such as going up to a person or smiling in that person's direction.
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Sustaining
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Behaving in a way that keeps an initial conversation going, such as asking questions.
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Affinity Seeking
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Emphasizing the commonalities we think we share with another person.
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Preventative Maintenance
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Paying attention to our relationships even when they are not experiencing troubles.
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Relational Transgressions
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Negative behaviors in close relationships, such as betrayals, deceptions, and hurtful comments.
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Corrective Maintenance
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Repairing a relationship when it runs into trouble.
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Metacommunication
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Communication about communication.
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Apology
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A simple statement like "I am really sorry."
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Account
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An explanation for a transgression that may accompany an apology.
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Content Aggregation
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The process of collecting online data from different and multiple sources to suit a particular need, such as populating a search engine or preparing digital slides for a presentation.
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Convergence
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The integration of various technologies, such as online radio or cell phones with cameras.
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Computer-mediated Communication (CMC)
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The use of various technologies to facilitate communication with others.
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Technological Determinism
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A theory that states that technology is irreversible, inevitable, and inescapable.
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Web 1.0
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The earliest incarnation of the WWW, which was used primarily as a storehouse of online information and tools that could be accessed to achieve an end, such as finding a website, emailing a friend, or purchasing a product.
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Web 2.0
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The latest incarnation of the WWW, which is increasingly used as a means of interactivity and personal expression; establishing online communities, sharing files, and blogging.
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Hate Speech
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Extremely offensive language that is directed toward a particular group of people.
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Flaming
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Exchanging malicious, hostile, or insulting comments over the Internet.
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Avatar
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A digital, fictional and fantasy representation of a user in a virtual world.
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Signaling Theory
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A theory that proposes that people have qualities they wish to present to others.
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Synchronous Communication
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Communication between a sender and a receiver that takes place at the same time, as in face-to-face communication.
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Asynchronous Communication
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Communication that doesn't require a sender and a receiver to have an exchange at the same time, as in online communication.
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Postcyberdisclosure Panic (PCDP)
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A situation in which we disclose personal information in an email message only to experience significant anxiety later because we begin to think about the number of people who could have access to that message.
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Identity Marker
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An electronic extension that communicates a person's identity, such as a screen name or a personal home page.
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Hyperdating
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The highly accelerated development of an online relationship.
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Abbreviated Language
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Shorthand used for efficient communication in online relationships.
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Articon
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A graphic image used in an electronic message that can be downloaded from a website or compiled from keyboard characters. An articon may or may not be used to communicate emotion.
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Social Networking
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Linking individuals and communities who share common interests, activities, and ideas through such online websites as Facebook or MySpace.
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Poke
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On a social networking website, an electronic invitation to another person to communicate with you.
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Mini-Feed
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Streaming bulletins that announce the activities of a Facebook user's friends.
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Electronic Trial Balloon
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An online overture that briefly responds to a sender's message in order to clarify the sender's intended message.
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