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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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dialogical theory of communication
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theory proposing that face-to-face conversation is the prototype that is foundational to all other communication
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Transactual model/theory
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A. Speaker: sender, person delivering
B.message C.Channel: how its delivered D. Listener: audience E. Feedback F. Interference: noise G: Situation: time place environment |
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transactional model of communication
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represents communicaton as a process in which speakers and listeners work together to create mutual meanings
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canons of rhetoric
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principles, standards, norms, or guidelines for creating and delivering a speech
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5 canons of rhetoric
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1) invention- creating the speech
2) organizing speech material 3) style- choosing effective language 4) memory- major ideas 5) delivery- preforming |
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Resistance Vs. Assimilation
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resistance- defend your own position or attack others
Assimilation- surrender some or most of you ways and adopt cultural patterns of another group |
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Ethics and Morals
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Ethics- matter of debate
Morals- beyond debate Onus (responsibility)- is on the speaker |
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Hearing Vs. Listening
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Hearing- biological function- noise reaching the ear
Listening- actually taking in the information |
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Problems with listening
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listenting to hard
not concentrating making assumptions |
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Forms of Plagirism
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Deliberate fraud
cut-and-past improper paraphrase accidental plagiarist fabrication |
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fabrication
(NOT A FORM OF PLAGIARISM) |
making up info without checking accuracy
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rhetoric
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study of persuasion in its various forms, a term often used negatively
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What makes a good topic?
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Defines: general purpose, specific purpose, and what you are going to argue
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audience analysis
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identifying audience characteristics to communicate more effectively
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Types of audiences
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Unmovtivated
-random Passive Motivated self-selected homogeneous hostile |
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Unmotivated
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lack listening purpose
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passive audience
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unmotivated listeners who do cause they have to
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motivated
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listen for a reason
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self selected
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choose to listen to selected subject or speaker
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homogenous audience
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listeners similar in attitude
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hostile audience
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listeners negative toward topic or speaker
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Demographic Analysis
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identifying audiences by populations they represent, such as ethnicity race or gender.
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Aristotles 3 appeals
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Logos: logic
Ethos: credibility Pathos: emotions |
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extrinsic credibility
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credibility that speakers bring to the speech because of their experience and reputation
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intrinsic credibility
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obvious knowledge the speaker shows during the speech
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terminal credibility
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final impression listeners have of a speaker
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Types of Organizational patterns
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A. chronological
B. spatial: points by place or location C. cause-effect: cause-> effects D. problem-solution E. pro-con F. topical - alternative- wave: repetitive pattern, points presented at crest Spiral: incresing intensity star |
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WIIFMs
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Whats In It For Me:
talk to the selfish needs of your audience - give the audience a reason to care from the very begining of your speech |
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what does the perfect conclusion accomplish and what would it contain?
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tie things up, echo speeches main points and end with a memorable note. Contains a transition, summary, reflection and closing sentence
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Can you be moral while ethical or ethical while moral?
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Morals are a personal code usually unchanging, while ethics practiced can vary by environment or setting.
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Significance of Introduction
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AG
WIIFM ethos preview |
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content outline v. speech outline
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content outline: formal record of your major ideas and their relationship to one another in your speech
speech outline: key words and phrases you use durin your speech |
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what is an outline designed to do?
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choosing ideas and supporting materials, and organizing the ideas
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Epithets
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words or phrases w/ negative connotations to describe persons or group (pig... Cop)
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Euphemisms
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substituting inoffensive terms for potentially offensive things
(dehired... fired) |
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Jargon
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slang
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vocal variations
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changes in volume rate pitch that combine to create impressions of the speaker
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Loud and fast speakers =
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self sufficient, resourceful, dynamic
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Loud and slow speakers =
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aggressive competitive, confident
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Soft and fast speakers =
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enthusiastic adventuresome confident composed
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soft and slow speakers =
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competititve enthusiastic benevolent
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Filled and Unfilled pauses
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filled= verbal interruptors during a pause
unfilled= silent pauses |
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goals for language use in speech
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clarity - accuracy, concrete
Beauty - seductive, create images Propriety - got to make sense with situation audience topic |
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Denotative vs Connotative meaning
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Denotative = what word names or identifies
Connotative= emotional overtones, feelings and associations around the word |
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Inductive reasoning
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starting with specific instances then formulating a reasonable conclusion
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Deductive reasoning
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starting with a premis and applying it to specific case
primise: all catholic bishops are unmarried - he is a bishop..... thus - he is not married |
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(short Ans) Expertise vs. Delivery: Is it better be an expert or to be better speaker.
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By having tangible knowledge through research and experience, an expertise provides superior crediblity to delivery abilities. Though experts form biases, their biases are based on there experience and can be justified with experience. Delivery is a preformance of ones brief knowledge, whereas experts provide the knowledge to be delivered.
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Deliberative speaking
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focuses on action answering the Q "what should we do?"
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Epideictic speaking
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ceremonial. a speech of praise or blame
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vilification
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naming the opposition leadership so "devil" is identified
Unifies the audience against devil |
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objectificaiton
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speaker convinces audience to ignore individual differences in favor of creating a united group to protest against
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mythification
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creating special purpose that demonstrates the righteousness of the cause
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maxims
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sound bites of a speech "i have a dream"
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Toulmin Model
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model of argument- makes speeches more persuasive.
Claim: what you want accepted grounds/data warrant: link ground to claim backing: support warrant qualifier: words limiting scope of claim rebuttal: argument disagree w/claim |
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Literal Analogy (parallel case)
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comparing likenesses between 2 simiilar things;
arguing that what happened in a known case will likely happen in a similar case |
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Figurative (metaphor) Analogy
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comparing 2 tings that are generally different but share recognizable similarity
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Logical Fallacies
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unsupported assertion: claim presented without evidence
ad poplum: appeal to pop opinion post hoc: causation; false cause overgeneralization: red herring: intro a side issue getting away from real issue false analogy: comparing 2 things 2 dissimilar false dichotomy: either or fallacy ingnores reasonable options |
