Spc3210 Exam 3

Front 1

Cognitive Dissonance

Back 1

the distressing mental feeling or state caused by an inconsistency b/w a persons beliefs and an action

**tension of dissonance motivates us to change our behavior or our belief in an effort to avoid distress

Front 2

aversive

Back 2

drive that causes us the be consistent

Front 3

Festinger

Back 3

Cognitive Dissonance Theorist

-published book that smoking causes cancer and the way smokers reacted
-said that whetehr behavior or cognition changes depends on which one is the weakest resistance to change

Front 4

Festingers 3 hypothesis for mental mechanisms people use to ensure their actions and attitudes are in harmony

PREMISES of Cognitive Dissonance

Back 4

Selective Exposure, Post Decision, Minimal Justification

Front 5

Selective Exposure

Back 5

-prevents dissonance
-people avoid information thtas likely to increase dissonance
-we choose to be with people who are like us

Front 6

Post Decision Dissonance

Back 6

-strong doubts experienced after an important, close call decision is made that is difficult to reverse

Front 7

3 conditions that heighten dissonance

Back 7

1) the more important the decision
2.) the longer an individual delays in choosing between two equally attractive options
3.) the greater the difficulty in reversing the decision

Front 8

Minimal Justification for action

Back 8

-induces attitude shift
-a claim that the best way to stimulate an attitude change in others is to offer just enough incentive to elicit counter attitudinal behavior

Front 9

compliance

Back 9

public conformity to anothers expectations without necessarily having a private convinction that motives the behavior

Front 10

Festingers $1/$20 Experiment

Back 10

had 20 men from Stanford to do a boring job and paid some $20 and some $1 to lie to a girl saying the job was really fun

-those who were piad 20 had no problem lying but those paid 1 did have a problem lying
--all you need to do to change an attidue is to provide the minimum

Front 11

3 revisions to Festingers Original Theory

Back 11

Self Consistency, Personal Responsibility for bad outcomes, self affirmation to dissipate dissonance

Front 12

Self Consistency

Back 12

-humans are not rational animals but we think we are
-the higher the self esteem the more dissonance

A--> B ---> C ---> D

Front 13

Personal responsibilty for bad outcomes-self consistency

Back 13

its the knowlege that ones actions have unnecessarily hurt another person that generates dissonance

Front 14

dissonance

Back 14

a state of arousal caused by behaving in such a way as to feel personally responsible for bringing about an aversive event

Front 15

Self Affirmation

Back 15

-people are greatly motivated to maintain an overall good image
- to dissipate dissonance

Front 16

stages of Festingers Dissonance theory

Back 16

-Attitude inconsistency
-Dissonance created
-Attitude change
-Dissonance Reduced

Front 17

What Kind of theory is cognitive dissoancw

Back 17

socio-psychological
objective

Front 18

Premise of Cognitive Dissonance

Back 18

__________ is an aversive drive that causes people to:
(1) avoid opposing viewpoint
(2) seek reassurance after making a tough decision
(3)change private beliefs to match public behavior when there is minimal justification for an action—an example of

Front 19

Assumptions of Cognitive DIssonance

Back 19

Human beings desire consistency in their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors

Dissonance is created by psychological inconsistencies

Dissonance is an aversive state that drives people to actions with measurable effects.

Dissonance motivates efforts to achieve consonance and efforts toward dissonance reduction.

Front 20

Critique of Cognitive Dissonance

Back 20

Testability: explains away any falsibility.

Festinger never specified a reliable way to detect the degree of dissonance a person experiences. 

Some concepts not clear: dissonance could be self-concept or impression management (I got married, I must be in love)…
…Is not parsimonious

Not enough utility: how/when will we attempt to reduce dissonance?

Needs refinement: when will dissonance lead to change in attitudes

Front 21

Strengths of Cognitive Dissonance

Back 21

Heuristic: Over 1000 studies based on the theory and most have supported it.

Offers insight into relationship among attitudes, cognitions, affect, and behaviors

Staying Power: a powerful theory across disciplines—communication, psychology, cognitive psychology, etc.

Front 22

Metaphor

Back 22

clarifies what is unknown or confusing by equating it with an image thats more familar or vivid

Front 23

A man is an animal suspended in webs of signifiance that he himself has spun

Back 23

we must be concerned with how the webs are spun
-we must be concerned with the web and how to navigate it
-the process of communication creates and constitues the taken for granted reality of the world

Front 24

Culture

Back 24

system of shared meaning, shared understanding and shared sensemaking

Front 25

Cultural Performance `

Back 25

actions by which members constitute and reveal their culture to themselves and others; an ensemble of text

Front 26

enthography

Back 26

mapping out social discourse; discovering who people within a culture think they are and what they think they are doing and to what end they are doing it

Front 27

thick description

Back 27

a record of the intertwined layers of communication meaning that unerlie what a particular people say and do
-powerful reconstructions, not just detailed observations
-without interpretation, it's THIN description
-observer must act as a stranger

Front 28

W. Gore & Associated example

Back 28

-Cluster of Peasent Villages-its pasison for decentralization and extraordiany orality
-A Large improvisional jazz group-because of its attraction for people who love to create something new but still want to fit in with other like minded players
-People are like factions are colonial America-the majority of associates that the companies innovative character what the best

Front 29

Symbolic Interpretation of story

Back 29

Corporate stories-tales that carry mamagement ideaology and reinforce company policy
Personal Stories-tales told my employees that put them in favorable light
Collegial Stores-positive or negative stories about others in the organization that desctibe how things really word

--stories that are told provide a convienent window thru which to view corporate webs of signifiance
-stories bring you to the heart of the matter and pass on the passion

Front 30

Ritual

Back 30

texts that articulate multiple aspects of cultural life, often marking rites of passage or life transition
ex: Dixie worker traditions
-family atmosphere with mostly women who have traditions about announcing pregnancy and the boss visits them in the hospital after birth

Front 31

Critique of Cultural Approach to Organizations

Back 31

qualitative research
understanding of values

Front 32

Co-Culture

Back 32

A cultural group within a larger cultural group

Front 33

Counter Cultures

Back 33

Opposed to the dominant norm

Front 34

Forms of Communication--Cultural Approach to organizations

Back 34

The imaginative language members use.
The stories they tell.
The nonverbal rites and rituals they practice.

Front 35

Festinger's 3 hypothesis for mental mechansisms people use to ensure that their actions and attitudes are in harmony

Back 35

-selective exposure prevents dissonance
-post decision dissonance creates a need for reassurance
-minimal justifiction for action includes attitudes shift

Front 36

Stanley Deetz

Back 36

Theorist behind critical approach to organizations

Front 37

critical approach to organizations theory

Back 37

explores ways to ensure the financial health of corporations while taking into account the diverse-non economic human interests

-critique of managerialsim

Front 38

Deet'z four corporate practices that are the core of his critique of managerialism

Back 38

Strategy, Consent, Involvement, Participation

-critiques "what is good for the business is good for everyone else

Front 39

Corporate Colonization and control of everyday life

Back 39

corportations control or colonize modern life in ways that no gov't or public body since the fedual era has ever done

Front 40

Corporate Colonization

Back 40

enroachment of modern corporations into everyday life outside the workplace
--fallout of coporate control is a sharp decrease in the quality of life

Front 41

Information model-critical approach to organizations

Back 41

a view that communication is merely a channel for the transmission of information about the real world
-assumes an independent reality
-all corporate information is the result of a poltical process
-these processes are undemocratic and usually hurt democracy

Front 42

communication model-critical approach to organizations

Back 42

a view that language is the principle medium through which social reality is created and sustained--language doesn't represent what already exists but rather whats natural in our society

-Language is part of the production of thing that we now treat as being self-evident and natural.
-WHOSE meanings are in people?
-Corporations not only produce products, they produce meanings.


**in place of information model

Front 43

Issue of Power-critical approach to organizations

Back 43

runs through all language and communication
--people adopt corporate lingo and may not even know it

Front 44

codeterminism

Back 44

collaborative decision making' particularly democracy in the work place
--process that invites open dialogue among all stakeholders

Front 45

strategy-overt managerial moves to extend control

Back 45

1 of the four corporate practice in which decisions are made
-managerialsm isn't the problem, it the managers need for control that is
-desire for control becomes a value in itself

Front 46

Managerialism-part of strategy

Back 46

a systematic logical set of routine practices and ideology that value control over all other concerns

Front 47

consent-unwilling alligence to covert control

Back 47

-1 of the four managerial practices to decision making
--dominance creates resistance so managers use voluntary consent to control workers
-corporations expect loyalty above family,friends,church and community and get it with out giving much in return

Front 48

consent

Back 48

the process by which employees actively, though unknowingly, accomplish managerial interests in a faulty attempt to fulfill their own interests
--companies expect mroe then just a days work and sometimes we form that idea too

Front 49

Managerialsm promotes worker consent through...

Back 49

Systematically Distored Communication

Front 50

Systematically Distorted Communication

Back 50

opperates under the radar where expectations and norms within a group setting restrict what can be openly expressed or even thought

Front 51

discursive closure

Back 51

suppression of conflict w/o employees realization that they are complici in their own censorship
--force of an organization practice is strongest when no one thinks about it

-Certain groups of people may be “disqualified” to speak on certain issues.
-Arbitrary definitions can be labeled “natural” to avoid discussion.
-Managerial values may be kept hidden.
-Organizational practice is strongest when no one thinks about it.

-workers think that they are opperating freely but their not--reqirues suppression

Front 52

Involvement--Free expression of ideas but no voice

Back 52

-1 of the four corporate process of decision making
-stakeholders free expression of ideas that may or may not effect managerial decisions
ex: suggestion boxes are used as a way to let employes blow off steam, noted but no voice

Front 53

Participation--stakeholders democracy in action

Back 53

-1 of the four corporate processes to decision making

-the process by which all stakeholders in an organization negotiate power openly and reach collective collaborative decisions
*to do this, deetz named a list of to reclaim the possibility of open negotations of power...expand list of people who have a say in the company:
investors, workers, consumers, suppliers, host community, greater society

Front 54

PARC Model
Politically Attentive Relational Constructionism

Back 54

-a collaborative view of communication based on conflict
PA=honestly exploring the power in play behind "neutral" facts and taken for granted positions
RC=covers social relations and how we give meaning t everything we label in the world (money, profit, work etc)

Front 55

Critique of Crtitical Approach to Organizations

Back 55

-is the work place a dream model?
-reform agenda

Front 56

What does the Critical Theory seek to do?

Back 56

-Seeks to reveal unjust communication practices that create or perpetuate an imbalance of power.
-Seeks to reform society.
-Seeks to emancipate marginalize groups.
-Is what’s good for Wall Street good for American citizens? Does it “trickle down?

Front 57

The Bottom Line

Back 57

-used as justification for decisions produces a perceived reality that excludes nonfinancial considerations.
-When individuals use this economic idiom they reinforce and expand the influence of corporate thinking.

Front 58

Jefferson Democracy

Back 58

-Based on three assumptions about communication:
-Freedom of speech guaranteed equitable participation in decision making.
-Persuasion and advocacy were the best ways to reach a good decision.
-Autonomous individuals could then make up their own minds.
-Truth would emerge from the free flow of information in an open marketplace of ideas.

Front 59

meaningful democracy

Back 59

-The right to express viewpoints.
-The right to have a voice in the final outcome.
-Only possible when stakeholders realize their communication -CREATES reality rather then DESCRIBES it.
-“Meaningful democratic participation creates better citizens and better social choices, and provides important economic benefits.”

Front 60

Uses & Gratifications Theory

Back 60

attemptos to make sense of the fact that people consmer large amounts of media everyday for all sorts of reasons and the effect of a gven message is unlikely to be the same for everyone
**driving mechanism for need is gratification--by understanding the needs of media consumers, the reason for media consumption becomes clear

Front 61

Assumptions of Uses and Grats

Back 61

-people use media for their own particular purposes
-people seek to gratify needs
-media compete for your attention and time
-media affect people differenly


**differences matter

Front 62

People use media for their own particlaur purposes: U&G Assumption

Back 62

-the study of how media affect epople must take into account that people deliberately use media for a puprose
-audiences decide which media to use and what affects they want media to have
*uniform effects model

Front 63

uniform effects model

Back 63

the view that exposure to a media message effects everyone in the audience the same way
--old school thought

Front 64

people seek to gratify needs- U&G Assumption

Back 64

people have needs that they seek to gratify throughout the media we use
--the deliberate choices people make in choosing media are presumeably based on the gratifications they seek from those media

Front 65

straight line effect of media content

Back 65

a specific effect on behavior that is predicted from media alone, with little consideration of the differences in people who consume that content

ex: Husband and wife watching a hockey game, this would assume they are both excited while watching it

Front 66

Media compete for your attention and time- U&G Assumption

Back 66

media compete with eachother but also with other activities that don't involve media
--to know why we make choices in media lies in our needs that motivate behavior

Front 67

media affect people differently- U&G Assumption

Back 67

the same message doesn't affect everyone the same way

Front 68

People can accurately report their media usage and motivation

Back 68

measurement strategy of theory is to ask people directly and record their answers
--sometimes people aren't truthful in their responses

Front 69

Typology

Back 69

a classification scheme that attempts to sort large #s of specific instances into a more managable set of categories

Front 70

Rubins 8 typologies that can be used to explain why people watch TV

Back 70

-Passing time
-Companionship-getting together for the big game
-Escape
-Enjoyment
-Social Interaction
-Relaxation
-Information
-Excitement

--examples don't file under one label and don't have to be identical

Front 71

Parasocial relationships

Back 71

a sense of friendship or emotional attachment that devlop b/w viewers and media personalities

-desire to meet cast, seek guidance from show, imaging being part of their world

Front 72

critique of Uses and Grats

Back 72

emphasizes description over explanation

Front 73

strengths of Uses and grat

Back 73

-relative simplicity
-practical utility
-quantative research

Front 74

Facilitative Activity-Uses and Grats

Back 74

Selectivity
“People selectively choose media messages and perceive those messages based on their interests, needs, and preferences (Gunter, 1988), p. 108”
Attention
“allocating cognitive effort to messages during reception (Kahneman, 1973),” p. 109
Involvement
“a motivated state of anticipation and of felt importance of messages

Front 75

Inhibitory Activity-Uses and Grats

Back 75

Avoidance
“People may avoid certain media content because of their partisanship, expectations, and levels of interest,” p. 110
Distraction
“may be distracted during message reception by engaging in behavior that is irrelevant to the primary media content (Baron, Baron, & Miller, 1973).” p. 110
Skepticism
“may be skeptical of or distrust media content,”

Front 76

Aggressive communication

Back 76

applies force physically or symbolically in order to minimally dominate and damage or defeat or destory the locus of the attack

Front 77

who developed Argumentitve and Agressive Communication

Back 77

Rancer and Wigley

Front 78

Argumentativeness

Back 78

"arguement" or a verbal attack on the issues of others. Often considered a subset of assertiveness
-constructive

Front 79

Verbal Aggressiveness

Back 79

the tentency to attack the self concept of individuals instead of or in addition to their positions on topics of communication
-destructive

Front 80

Types of self concept (VA) attacks

Back 80

-group membership
-personal failings
-relational failings

Front 81

Types of VA communication

Back 81

-competence attacks
-character attacks
-teasing/ridicule
-maledictions (wishing someone harm)
-threats
-nonverbal and verbal aggress

Front 82

Causes of VA

Back 82

-psychopathology (expression of previously repressed hostility)
-disdain-server dislike/hatred for a person or object
-social learning
-genetics
-skill deficiency

Front 83

Characteristics of the high ARG student

Back 83

-recieved more prior high school training in ARG
-higher college GPA
-earlier birth order
-preferred smaller clases
-more liberal
-males higher ARG scores then females
-ARG related positively to level of higher education

Front 84

Gender differences of ARG

Back 84

-males more then females

Front 86

Immediacy

Back 86

Perceived as physical or psychological closeness b/w people
-a set of messages that signal feelings of warmth, and involvement with another person

Front 87

Approach to Avoidence Principle

Back 87

people are drawn towards people/things they like, evaluate highly, and prefer and avoid/move away from thinks they dislike, evaluate negatively or do not prefer

Front 88

Assumptions of Immediacy behavior

Back 88

-immediacy behaviors signal others that we are available for communication and make others feel included in the interaction
-they signal involvement
-makes reciever feel close
-they stimulate our senses both psychology and pshysiologically
-immediacy behaviors communicate closeness and warmth
-lack of immediacy can communicate distance

Front 89

Non verbal behaviors

Back 89

eye contact
eye gaze
proxemics
touch
kinesics
paralinguistics

Front 90

Andersons Hypotheses whether teacher immediacy was a predictor of teaching effectiveness

Back 90

-students perception of teacher immediacy is positvely related to student effect, student behaviorial commitment, and student cognitive learning
-a positive relationship between perceved immediacy and solidarity

Front 91

Paralinguistic Immediacy

Back 91

a form of non verbal immediacy focusing on vocalics (vocal cues) of the interactant
-not what is said but how it's said; ACCENT

Front 92

Cognitive Valence Theory

Back 92

attempts to explain the response of the partner when one person increases intimacy or immediacy (eye contact, touch etc)

Front 93

Negative Valence

Back 93

when affectionate or immediate behaviors are perceived negatively by a partner

Front 94

positive valence

Back 94

when affectionate or immediate behaviors are perceived positively by a partner

Front 95

Arousal-Concept of Cognitive Valence

Back 95

results when imemdiacy behaviors are engaged
-large increase in psysiological arousal are aversive
-reactions are panic, fear, anger etc

Front 96

CVT 6 types of schemata

Back 96

culture
personal predispositions
interpersonal valence
relational appropriateness
situational appropriateness
psycholgical/physical state

Front 97

Cognitiva Schemata

Back 97

the knowledge structures that help us interpret others behaviors and make sense of what behaviors are appropriate for a given situation or relationship