Spanish L1-5 Grammar

Front 1

past participle

Back 1

In english "-en or -ed" form of the verb

Front 2

past participle conjugation

Back 2

add "-ado" to the stem of -ar verbs

add "ido" to the stem of -er and -ir verbs

Front 3

past participle of:
creer
leer
oír
traer

Back 3

accent mark when verb has combination of vowels "ai, ei, oi":
creído
leído
oído
traído

Hint 3

english translation:
believed
read
heard
brought

Front 4

past participle of regular:
tomar
comer
vivir

irregular:
abrir
cubrir
decir
descubrir
escribir
hacer
ir
morir
poner
romper
ver
volver

Back 4

spanish regular:
tomado
comido
vivido

irregular:
abierto
cubierto
dicho
descubierto
escrito
hecho
ido
muerto
puesto
roto
visto
vuelto

Hint 4

english translation regular:
taken
eaten
lived

irregular:
opened
covered
said
discovered
written
done; made
gone
dead
put, placed
broken
seen
returned

Front 5

present perfect

Back 5

Present perfect is used to refer to a past action or event that is perceived as having some bearing on the present.
"Have done something"

Front 6

present perfect conjugation

Back 6

haber + past participle

haber (to have) is conjugated
yo - he
tú - has
él - ha
nosotros - hemos
vosotros - habéis
ellos - han

Front 7

present perfect of:
tomar
comer
vivir

Back 7

spanish in yo form:
he tomado
he comido
he vivido

Hint 7

english translation:
I have taken
I have eaten
I have lived

Front 8

acabar de + infinitive

Back 8

Describe an event that has just happened

Front 9

acabar de + infinitive conjugation

Back 9

use present tense of acabar
yo: acabo de borrar
tú - acabas de borrar
él - acaba de borrar
nosotros - acabamos de borrar
vosotros - acabáis
ellos - acaban de borrar

Hint 9

english translation:
I have just erased..
You have just erased...
He has just erased...
We have just erased...
You all have just erased
They have just erased

Front 10

past participle as an adjective

Back 10

it agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies

ex: Hay muchos programas escritos (escribidos) en Visual Basic.
english: There are many programs written in Visual Basic.

Vamos las conferencias grabadas por nuestro supervisor. "We saw the conferences recorded by our supervisor."

Front 11

estar with the past participle

Back 11

describes a state or condition that is the result of a previous action

past participle is an adjective and agrees in gender and number with the noun it modifies

Hint 11

example:
La carta está impresa; la secretaria la ha imprimido.

english:
The letter is printed; the secretary has printed it.

Front 12

the future tense

Back 12

The spanish future tense expresses what will happen in the future. English equivalent is will + verb.

Front 13

The future tense conjugation

Back 13

Endings are attached to the infinitive.

yo - tomaré
tú - tomarás
él - tomará
nosotros - tomaremos
vosotros - tomaréis
ellos - tomarán

Front 14

future may also be conveyed with the present tense of ir a + infinitive

Back 14

example:
Voy a arreglar el procesador de textos.

english:
I am going to fix the word processor.

Front 15

Willingness cannot be expressed with the Spanish future tense

Back 15

Use verbs like querer or simple present tense

¿Quieres qyudarme con la impresora?
english: Will you help me with the printer?

¿Me traes el otro programa?
english: Will you bring me the other program?

Front 16

Irregular Verbs of the Future Tense (1/3)

Drop two letters to form the stem of the future

Back 16

decir
hacer

Hint 16

dir-
har-

Front 17

Irregular Verbs of the Future Tense (2/3)

The "e" of the infinitve ending is dropped to form the stem of the future

Back 17

haber
poder
querer
saber

Hint 17

habr-
podr-
querr-
sabr-

Front 18

Irregular Verbs of the Future Tense (3/3)

The "e" or the "i" of the infinitve ending is replaced by "d" to form the stem of the future.

Back 18

poner
salir
tener
venir

Hint 18

pondr-
saldr-
tendr-
vendr-

Front 19

The future probability

Back 19

Often expressed in Spanish with the future tense. For example: probably, may, I wonder, it must be, can it be, etc.

Hint 19

examples:
¿Dónde estará Antonio?
I wonder where Antonio is?

Estará jugando juegos electrónicos.
He's probably playing computer games.

¿Qué hora será?
What time can it be?

Serán las seis.
It must be six.

Front 20

The conditional

Back 20

Conditional:
expresses what you would do under certain circumstances
ex: Consumiríamos menos aqua. "We would consume less water."

used when the speaker is referring to an event that is future to another past event:
ex: A la agencia le aseguramos que dejaríamos de arrojar basura. "We assured the agency that we would stop throwing away trash."

Front 21

deber in the conditional tense

Back 21

same as english should + infinitive.
ex: Deberias conservar recursos. "You should conserve resources."

Front 22

conditional conjugation

Back 22

Formed by adding the imperfect ending to the infinitive.

yo - tomaría
tú - tomarías
él - tomaría
nos - tomaríamos
vos - tomaríais
ellos - tomarían

Front 23

conditional irregular verbs are the same as the future tense (1/3)

Drop two letters to form the stem of the future.

Back 23

decir (to say, tell)
hacer (to make)

Hint 23

diría
haría

Front 24

conditional irregular verbs are the same as the future tense (2/3)

The "e" of the infinitive ending is dropped to form the stem of the future.

Back 24

haber (to have)
poder (to be able)
querer (to want)
saber (to know how to do something)

Hint 24

habría
podría
querría
sabría

Front 25

conditional irregular verbs are the same as the future tense (3/3)

The "e" or the "i" of the infinitive ending is replaced by the "d" to form the stem of the future.

Back 25

poner (to put)
salir (to leave, go out)
tener (to have)
venir (to come)

Hint 25

pondría
saldría
tendría
vendría

Front 26

Tú commands (regular affirmative) conjugation

Back 26

Regular affirmative tú commands = same form as 3rd person singular of present indicative.

comprar (to buy)
comer (to eat)
escribir (to write)
pensar (to think)
dormir (to sleep)
pedir (to ask for)
traer (to bring)

Hint 26

compra
come
escribe
piensa
duerme
pide
trae

Front 27

Tú commands (negative) conjugation

Back 27

Negative tú commands use the subjunctive.
comprar
comer
escribir
pensar
traer

Hint 27

no compres
no comas
no escribas
no pienses
no traigas

Front 28

Irregularities in the subjunctive for tú commands

Back 28

No conduzcas tan rápido.
No pongas los desechos químicos allí.
No te vayas.

Hint 28

Don't drive so fast.
Don't put the toxic waste there.
Don't leave.

Front 29

Irregularities affirmative tú commands.

Back 29

Decir
Hacer
Ir
Poner
Salir
Ser
Tener
Venir

Hint 29

Decir --> Di por qué. --> Tell why.
Hacer --> Haz la inspección. --> Do the inspection.
Ir --> Ve a la selva. --> Go to the jungle.
Poner --> Pon la basura en el basurero. --> Put the trash in the trash can.
Salir --> Sal de ese aire contaminado. --> Get out of that contaminated air.
Ser --> Sé amable con los voluntarios. --> Be nice to the volunteers.
Tener --> Ten paciencia con el gobierno. --> Be patient with the government.
VenirVen a la sierra conmigo. --> Come to the mountain range with me.

Front 30

Pronouns with Tú commands

Back 30

Regular affirmative = attach to command

Negative command = place before subjunctive

Hint 30

Recíclala mañana. --> Recycle it tomorrow.

No le pongas la multa a la estudiante. --> Don't give the fine to the student.

Front 31

The Imperfect Subjunctive

Back 31

Imperfect subjunctive is used to refer to events that were incomplete in relation to a past event.

Example:
El reportero dudaba que controlaran el incendio. "The reporter doubted that they would control the fire."

Los televidentes pidieron que hubiera más programas serios. "The TV viewers asked for there to be more serious shows."

Front 32

The Imperfect Subjunctive conjugation

Back 32

drop the "-ron" of the preterit and add the endings below:

yo= -ra
tú= -ras
él= -ra
nos= -ramos
vos= -rais
ellos= -ran

*Written accent required on first person plural of the imperfect subjunctive forms.
ex: arregláramos

tomar (to take)
beber (to drink)
escribir (to write)
creer (to think, believe)
decir (to say)
estar (to be)
haber (to have)
ir (to go)
leer (to read)
poder (to be able to)
poner (to put)
querer (to want)
saber (to know how to do something)
ser (to be)
tener (to have)
traer (to bring)
venir (to live)

Hint 32

tomar (to take) --> tomara
beber (to drink) --> bebiera
escribir (to write) --> escribiera
creer (to think, believe) --> creyera
decir (to say) --> dijera
estar (to be) --> estuviera
haber (to have) --> hubiera
ir (to go) --> fuera
leer (to read) --> leyera
poder (to be able to) --> pudiera
poner (to put) --> pusiera
querer (to want) --> quisiera
saber (to know how to do something) --> supiera
ser (to be) --> fuera
tener (to have) --> tuviera
traer (to bring) --> trajera
venir (to live) --> viniera

Front 33

Imperfect subjunctive with ojalá

Back 33

means "I wish"

¡Ojalá (que) el patrocinador seleccionara mi guión!

english: I wish the sponsor would choose my script.

Front 34

Long-form possessive adjectives and pronouns

Back 34

yo --> mío/a --> míos/as --> my, (of) mine
tú --> tuyo/a --> tuyos/as --> your, (of) yours
él --> suyo/a --> suyos/as --> his, (of) his, (of) its
nos --> nuestro/a --> neustros/as --> our, (of) ours
vos --> vuestro/a --> vuestros/as --> your, (of) yours
ellos --> suyo/a --> suyos/as --> their, (of) theirs

Front 35

Long-form possessive adjectives and pronouns (1/4) conditions

Follow the noun and agree in gender and number

Back 35

example:
La revista tuya está en la mesa. "Your magazine is on the table."

Aquí tienes dos reseñas mías. "Here you have two reviews of mine."

El titular neustro es grande. "Our headline is big."

Front 36

Long-form possessive adjectives and pronouns (2/4) conditions

Used as Pronouns:
Definite article is used with the possessive adj. and the noun is omitted.

Back 36

examples:
Los locutores neustros son muy buenos. "Our announcers are very good."
vs.
Los neustros son muy buenos. "Ours are very good."

Las noticias tuyas son horribles. "Your news is horrible."
vs.
Las tuyas son horribles. "Yours is horrible."

Front 37

Long-form possessive adjectives and pronouns (3/4) conditions

Clarify third-person forms. For adjectives, the long form suyo/a(s) can be replaced by the construction "de + pronoun" to clarify identity of the possessor.

Back 37

Examples:
La crítica suya es imposible. "His criticism is impossible.

¿La críticia de quién? "Whos criticism?

La crítica de él. "The criticism of his."

Front 38

Long-form possessive adjectives and pronouns (4/4) conditions

For the pronouns (el suyo, la suya, los suyos, and las suyas) use the "definite article + de + pronoun". The definite article must agree in gender and number w/ the noun it replaces.

Back 38

Example:
La suya (la telenovela) es más intersante que la nuestra. "Yours (the soap opera) is more interesting than ours."

La de usted es más interesante que la nuestra. "Yours is more interesting than ours."

Front 39

Clauses with Si in the indicative

Back 39

A si clause states a condition that must be met in order for something to occur.

Verb in si clause states a fact (usually in present indicative)

Verby in the result clause (in present or future tense or is a command)

Hint 39

Examples:
Si vas, al cine, iré contigo. "If you go to the movies, I will go with you."

Si quieres, veremos la película. "If you want, we will see the movie."

Dime si deseas ver una telenovela. "Tell me if you want to see a soap opera."

Front 40

Si clause containing implausible or contrary-to-fact information

Back 40

Imperfect subjunctive is used in the si clause

conditional tense is used in the result clause

*note, conditional clause may appear at the beginning or end of the sentence

Hint 40

Si fuera un drama bueno, iría a verlo. "If it were a good drama, I would go see it."

Sería más interesante, si supieras cinematografía. "It would be more interesting, if you knew cinematography."

Front 41

The future perfect

Back 41

The future perfect is used to express an action which will have occurred by a certain point in time. "will have"

ex: ¿Salma Hayek habrá hecho otra película para el año que viene?
"Will Salma Hayek have made another film by next year?"

Front 42

Future Perfect conjugation

Back 42

Formed with the future of haber + past participle

yo - habré
tú - habrás tomado (you will have taken)
él - habrá comido (he will have eaten)
nos - habremos vivido (we will have lived)
vos - habréis
ellos - habrán

Front 43

Conditional perfect

Back 43

Conditional perfect is used to express an action which would or should have occurred but did not. "would or should have"

ex: Habría visto el drama, el pero preferí la comedia. "I would have seen the drama, but I preferred the comedy."

Habríamos grabado el programa, pero no teníamos cinta. "We would have recorded the program, but we didn't have a tape."

Front 44

Conditional perfect conjugation

Back 44

Formed with the conditional of haber + past participle

yo - habría
tú - habrías tomado (you would have taken)
él - habría comido (he would have eaten)
nos - habríamos vivido ( we would have lived)
vos - habríais
ellos - habrían

Front 45

Hacer in time expressions

To ask "how long" a certain action has been continuing

Back 45

¿Cuánto (tiempo) hace que + a verb phase in the present?
*note in the present tense*

example:
¿Cuánto tiempo hace que Pepe Romero toca la guitarra? "How long has Pepe Romero been playing the guitar?"

¿Cuántos minutos hace que esperas la audición? "How many minutes have you been waiting for the audition?"

Front 46

Hacer in time expressions

To answer "how long" questions

Back 46

hace + time expression + que + verb phase in the present

or

a verb phase in the present + hace + time expression
*note no que*

example:
Hace más de 30 años que Pepe Romero toca la guitarra. "Pepe Romero has been playing the guitar for over 30 years."

Espero la audición hace unos treinta minutos. "I have been waiting for the audition for about thirty minutes.

Front 47

Hacer in time expressions

To tell "how long ago" an action or even occured

Back 47

Hace in present
Verb phrase in preterit

hace + time expression + que + verb phrase in the preterit

or

verb phrase in the preterit + hace + a time expression
*note no que*

examples:
¿Cuántos tiempo hace que salió para el concierto? "How long ago did she leave for the concert?"

Hace beinte minutos que salió. "She left twenty minutes ago."

Conocí a Celín Romero en España hace dos años. "I met Celín Romero in Spain two years ago."

Front 48

Pluperfect Indicative (past perfect)

Back 48

Like present perfect tense. Used to refer to an action or event that had occurred before another past action or event. "had taken"

examples:
El director había dirigido otras dos orquestas antes de venir a Boston. "The director had directed two other orchestras before coming to Boston."

Cuando entramos, la diva ya había cantado el aria. "When we entered, the diva had already sung the aria."

Nos dijo que el compositor había estado enfermo. "He told us that the composer had been sick."

Front 49

Pluperfect Indicative (past perfect) conjugation

Back 49

Formed with imperfect tense of haber + past participle

yo - había
tú - habías tomado (you had taken)
él - había comido (he had eaten)
nos - habíamos vivido (we had lived)
vos - habíais
ellos - habían

Front 50

Past tense conjugation
Preterit and Imperfect

Back 50

Preterit
yo = tomé - comí - viví
tú = tomaste - comiste - viviste
él = tomó - comió - vivió
nos = tomamos - comimos - vivimos
vos = tomasteis - comisteis - vivivisteis
ellos = tomaron - comieron - vivieron

Hint 50

Imperfect
yo = hablaba - comía - escribía
tú = hablabas - comías - escribías
él = hablaba - comía - escribía
nos = hablábamos - comíamos - escribíamos
vos = hablabais - comíais - escribíais
ellos = hablaban - comían - escribían