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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Comparisons of Inequality
with adjectives, adverbs, and nouns |
mas/menos + (adj/adv/noun) + que
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Comparisons of Inequality
with verbs |
(verb) + mas/menos + que
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Comparisons of Inequality with numbers
(special case) |
If numbers (or other relevant expressions of time or amount) are used with an expression of inequality, de is used instead of que:
Tengo un examen en menos de cuarto horas. |
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Comparisons of Equality
with adjectives and adverbs |
tan + (adj/adv) + como
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Comparisons of Equality
with singular and plural nouns |
tanto/a/os/as + (singluar or plural noun) + como
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Comparison of Equality
with verbs |
(verb) + tanto + como
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Superlatives
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el/la/los/las + (noun) + mas/menos + (adjective) + de
NOTE: Noun may be omitted as long as the speaker knows what the statement is referencing |
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Absolute Superlatives
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This is the equivalent of saying extremely or very before an adjective or adverb in English. It is formed by addding isimo/a to the end of an adjective or adverb. If adj or adv end in an o or a, it is dropped and if they end in neither o nor a, nothing is added. Also, c becomes qu, g becomes gu, and z becomes c.
Examples: malisimo muchisima dificilisimo riquisimo larguisima felicisimo |
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Irregular Comparatives and Superlatives
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Mas and menos are not the only words that you have to use when comparing items. Other select adjectives can also be transformed:
bueno - mejor malo - peor grande - mayor pequeno - menor joven - menor viejo - mayor |
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Verbs that express will and influence require the subjunctive
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aconsejar
desear es importante es necesario es urgente exigir - to demand gustar hacer importar insistir (en) mandar necesitar oponerse a - to oppose pedir preferir prohibir proponer - to propose querer recomendar rogar - to beg sugerir - to suggest |
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Verbs of emotion require the subjunctive
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alegrarse (de) - to be happy
es bueno es extrano es malo es mejor es ridiculo es terrible es una lastima es una pena esperar - to wish gustar molestar sentir sorprender temer tener miedo |
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Verbs of doubt or denial require the subjunctive
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dudar
es imposible es improbable es poco seguro (no) es posible (no) es probable negar - to deny no creer no es evidente no es seguro no es verdad no es cierto no estar seguro |
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Special words that indicate the subjunctive
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Ojala que - I hope
Quiza - Maybe Tal vez - Perhaps |
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Subjunctive in Adjective Clauses
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When the subordinate clause of a sentence refers to something that exists, the indicative is used.
When the subordinate clause refers to something that is uncertain or indefinite, the subjunctive is used. Additionally, if the antecedent of the subordinate clause refers to a negative pronoun (no one, nothing), then the subjunctive is also used. |
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The Imperfect Subjunctive
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The Imperfect Subjunctive is used in the same cases as the present subjunctive, just in the past.
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Forming the Imperfect Subjunctive
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Put verb in the third person plural for of the preterite
Drop the -on Add -a,-as,-a,-amos,-ais,-an depending on what tense is needed The nosotros form often requires an accent |
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Como si
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As if/As though
Imperfect subjunctive is always used after this phrase |
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The Subjunctive in Adverbial Clauses
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Adverbial clauses are introduced by conjunctions. Some always require the subjunctive, while others sometimes do and sometimes don't.
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Conjunctions that always require the Subjuntive
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a menos que - unless
antes (de) que - before con tal (de) que - provided that en caso (de ) que - in case para que - so that sin que - without/unless |
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Conjuntions that can be either the Indicative or the Subjunctive
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a pesar de que - despite
aunque - although cuando - when despues (de) que - after en cuanto - as soon as hasta que - until luego que - as soon as mientras que - while siempre que - as long as tan pronto como - as soon as |
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Adverbial clauses that can us the Indicative and the Subjunctive
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If the action has already happened or if it is habitual, then the indicative is used.
If the action has not yet occurred, the the subjunctive is used. |
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Form of a Possible Conditional Sentence
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Si + present indicative + comma +
future/ir+a+inf/order/present indicative with reference to the future NOTE: Sentence structure can also be reversed |
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Form of an Impossible Conditional Sentence
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Si + imperfect of subjunctive + comma +
present of the conditional NOTE: Sentence structure can also be reversed |
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Conditional Sentences
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When using the impossible conditional, the condition being stated doesn't exist and can never be realized.
Possible conditional sentences simply state that one condition is possible and depends on another one. |
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Forming the Present Conditional
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infinitive + endings
-ia -ias -ia -iamos -iais -ian NOTE: The conditional has the same irregulars as the future tense |
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Forming the Future Tense
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infinitive + endings
-e -as -a -emos -eis -an |
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Irregular verbs in the Future
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haber - habr
poder - podr querer - querr saber - sabr poner - pondr salir - saldr tener - tendr valer - valdr venir - vendr decir - dir hacer - har |
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The Preposition "a"
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to, at, for, upon, within, of, from, or by
Introduces direct objects Can be used in commands Introduces nouns when they are people (the personal a) Personal a is not used when the person is not specific, except for alguien, nadie, and alguno |
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The Preposition "hacia"
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Signifies movement and means toward or to
Can also signify time, and means approximately, around, about, or toward |
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The Preposition "con"
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Means with
Can convey shock or suprise at a conflict between to known facts (but, even though, inspite of in English) Con becomes conmigo and contigo when followed by mi or ti |
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Consigo
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Is the result of con + usted(es)
or con + el/ella/ellos/ellas Consigo adds emphasis and refers to the subject of the sentence and not a new subject Mismo(a) adds even more emphasis |
