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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What was the population of the Mayans?
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three million
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What is Tikal?
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Grand city with plazas, temples, palaces, and roads
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Description of the Mayan people
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dark skin, short, round heads with flat foreheads
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Classes within the state (Mayan)
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- worked the land under a preist or noble
- tradesman (artisan, etc.) |
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Mayan Government
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-large city-state centers
- autonomous ruled by kings - fought constantly with each other - human sacrifice |
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Mayan number system
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- dot was 1
- bar was 5 - shell was 0 |
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Mayan Calender
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- used to measure time
-amended mesoamerican calender - 52 years was an era |
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Two types of mayan calenders
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1) ritual
2) year of the sun |
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Katun and Baktun
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1) every 20 years of sun
2) every 20 katuns |
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Hyroglyphics (mayans)
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- had codes to translate all the symbols
- many were destroyed in the reconquest |
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Fray de Diego Landa
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destroyed 27 mayan codes to translate hyroglyphics
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Dresden code
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best to decode majority of mayan writing (survived destruction)
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Collaspe of Mayan Empire
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no one knows why they left
- some went to guatemala - some went to Yucatan |
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Language of Aztecs
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Nahuatl
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City where Aztecs settled
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Aztlan
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Huitsilopochtli
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Tribal god that executed constant human sacrifice
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Guerras Floridas
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wars specifically to capture those from neighboring towns for human sacrifics
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Hernan Cortez
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Arrived in city in 1519
- very impressed |
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Tenochtitlan
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Small island in middle of lake where Aztecs saw sign from their god
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Aztecs sign for where to settle
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eagle perched on a prickly pear cactus plant eating a serpent
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Chinampas
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Aztec method to make lakes into fertile soil
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Structure of Aztecs
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Central, very advanced
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Society of Aztecs
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Well organized but not equal
- only way to change classes was to distinguish yourself in war - difference in education among classes - women had right to divorce |
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Macehaul
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Aztec serf (went to lesser school to learn about war and worked in agriculture)
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Aztec Emperor
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Moctezuma began absolute monarchy
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Benefits of absolute monarchy in Aztec Empire
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- political and diplomatic qualities
- cohesion within empire - switched out nobles to prevent enemies |
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Real name of the Incas
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Quecha
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What year and area did the Incans appear?
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1200 AD at lake Titicaca
- 12,000 feet under the sea |
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El Inca Gacilaso de la Vega
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a decendent of the incans
- son of an incan princess |
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Comentarios reales de los incas
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book about incan history (1609, 1617)
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Legend of the Incas
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Inti took pity on the people of peru and send from the sky a son and a daughter to found the empire
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Inti
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sun god
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Manco Capac and Mama Ocllo
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founders of the incan empire
- every place they stopped to sleep or eat they would sink it into the ground |
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Incan period of expansion and with what emperor
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1438 with Pachacuti
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Captial of the Incan empire
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Cuzco
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theories of ueses of Machu Picchu
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- refuge for incan emperors
- place to retire the sun virgins - militay fort |
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Incan way to communicate with empire
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Red de caminos
(had two larage parallel roads N-S and S-N) |
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Tampu
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station where people could go to help ailments when traveling
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Chasquis
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professional runners who delivered messages
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Quipus
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bunches of strings with knots used to communicate like a secret code
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Puric (inca)
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- common citizen
- each has own small plot of land - most important to work for community |
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Ayllu (inca)
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community of the puric
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Mita (inca)
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a certain number of days per year you have to work on public construction or in the mines
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La Coya
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official spouse of a incan
- married sisters to perserve pure blood families |
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Viracocha
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supreme god that created the universe
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What happened in 1527 in the Incan empire?
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Huayna Capac died and didnt announce sucessor
- his sons Huascar and Atahualpa fought for power - Atahualpa won |
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What happened in 1532 in the incan empire?
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Francisco Pizarro captured Atahualpa in a violent fight to take over incan empire
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What were the opportunitites on the African coast?
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- products such as gold, ivory, and pepper
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What happened in 1441 in Africa?
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slave trade started with Portugal
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Tratado de Alcacovas
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1479- spain and portugal fought
- spain had to give possesion of the Azores |
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Fernando de Aragon and Isabel de Castilla
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King and queen of Spain
- very religious and went on conquests to try and convert people |
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Cristobal colon discovered america and deal he made with spanish king and queen
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1492
- asked to go and it took 4 years for queen to say yes. - colon wanted to be admiral of every place he discovered |
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how many ships did colombus take on his journy and where did he first arrive?
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three and Watling Island which he called San Salvador
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What years did Columbus make four conquests and what places did he discover?
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1492-1504 Carribean, venezuela, central american coast
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Leyes de Burgos
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laws to help protect the indigenous people but didnt work
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Juan Ponce de Leon
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discovered florida in 1513
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Hernan Cortez 1504
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19 years old when he went to new spain, middle class family, went to university but left
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What did hernan cortez bring when he went to mexico
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11 ships, 600 soldiers, 200 indigenous cubans, 16 horses, 10 cannons
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Princess Marina
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spoke mayan language and aztec language
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La noche triste de Cortez
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- Cortez captured the boss of the expedition Panfilo de Narvaez
- 800 soldiers + cortez went back to tenochtitlan only to be me by the Aztecs who killed more than half of cortez's men |
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Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro
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formed a society to get money for an expedition
- 1533 conquested to cuzco and named it Lima |
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Audiencia
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judicial court to contol the actions in relation to the indigenous people
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la economienda
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system to charge the owners in the new world with the indigenous population
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Vasco Nunez de Balboa
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established a permanent colony in panama and discovered the pacific ocean
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Antonio de Montesinos
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questioned colonists of why they exploited the natives the way they did
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Bartolome de las casas
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Renounced the encomienda and decided that the rest of his life he was going to protect the indigenous
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Leyenda Negra
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View of the spanish that the demographic disasters of that magnitude and violent character characterize the conquest
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Causes of the dispopulation of the indigenous
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- wars of conquest
- various sicknesses - deplorable work and social conditions |
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Hacienda
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large farms that extended all the territory
indigenous people lived free and close to farm |
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Slavery
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- Spanish kings controlled slavery
- more than 1.5 million came - 13% died on journey |
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Palenques
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slaves in hispanoamerica
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Quilombos
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slaves in brazil
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Peninsulares
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whites born in spain
- held all important jobs in government - derogatory words for them include chapetones and gachupines |
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Criollos
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Whites born in America
- divide between them and peninsulares - tried to distance themselves from idigenous groups |
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What type of women did the explorers like?
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indigenous women (exotic)
- they bathed more frequently than european women |
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Limits of racial mixes
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- could not attend universities
- could not hold positions in church - could not hold government positions |
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Mestizo
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White and indigenous mix
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Mulato
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white and black mix
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Zambo
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black and indigenous mix
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