Spanish 2B Chapt 5 Key Info

Front 1

Que

Back 1

that, which, and who

Front 2

Quien

Back 2

can refer only to people; may be used after a comma; must be used after a prepostion to express who or whom

Front 3

Lo que

Back 3

used as a subject, predicate nominative, or direct object to express that, which, or the noninterrogative what

Front 4

Qué?
Cuál?
Cómo?

Back 4

interrogative what

Front 5

Formal and informal use of que and cual after a preposition and cual after a comma

Back 5

informal: quien, que
-people= con quien
-things= con que
formal: el/la que; los/las que; el/la cual; los/las cuales
-people= con el que/cual
-things= con los que/cuales
*long forms can occur ONLY after a preposition or a comma, otherwise only que can be used

Front 6

Positive, Negative, and Indefinite Expressions: Patterns for expressing negation

Back 6

1. no+verb/
no+verb+negative word
(no trabajaron./ no hicieron nada.)
2.negative word+verb/
neagtive word+verb+ negative word
(Nadie se presentó./ Yo tampoco veo a nadie.)
*must always be a negative before the verb

Front 7

Positive, Negative, and Indefinite Expressions: Alguno/ Niguno

Back 7

-alguno/niguno means someone/no one or something/ nothing from a particular group
-alguno agrees in number and gender; ninguno agrees in gender with the nouns they modify
-shorten to algún/ningún before masculine singular nouns

Front 8

Positive, Negative, and Indefinite Expressions:
Alguien/ Nadie

Back 8

-alguien/nadie expresses someone/ no one without reference to a group
-alguien/nadie always refer to people and must be preceded by the personal a when they function as direct objects (same for alguno/ninguno when they function as direct objects that refer to people)

Front 9

Positive, Negative, and Indefinite Expressions:
O...o and Ni...ni

Back 9

-when two subjects are joined by o...o or ni...ni, verb may be singular or plural
-verb is plural when subject precedes verb; singular when subject follows
(ni mi padre ni mi madre me visitan vs. no me visita ni mi padre ni mi madre.

Front 10

Positive, Negative, and Indefinite Expressions:
Algo/Nada

Back 10

algo/nada can be used as adverbs to modify adjectives (pues, sí es algo interesante- well, yes, it's somewhat interesting)

Front 11

Positive, Negative, and Indefinite Expressions:
"More than"

Back 11

"More than" (anything, ever, anyone) expressed with negatives in Spanish: más que: (nada, nunca, nadie)
[Más que nada, me gusta leer- More than anything, I like to read]

Front 12

Uses of the Subjunctive: Certainty versus Doubt

Back 12

-Subjunctive used in uncertainty or no knowledge
(impersonal expressions, probability, possibility)
-Indicative used when certain or knowledgeable

Front 13

Examples of Certainty vs Doubt Phrases: Certainty

Back 13

creer que
no dudar que
estar seguro/a (de) que
no negar que
pensar que
suponer que
es cierto que
no es dudoso que
es evidente que
es obvio que
es que
es seguro que
es verdad que
no cabe duda (de) que
parece que

Front 14

Examples of Certainty vs Doubt Phrases: Doubt

Back 14

no creer que
dudar que
no estar seguro/a (de) que
negar que
no pensar que
no suponer que
no es cierto que
es dudoso que
no es evidente que
no es obvio que
no es que
no es seguro que
no es verdad que
(no) es (im)posible que
(no) es (im)probable que
(no) puede (ser) que

Front 15

Uses of the Subjunctive:
Emotion

Back 15

-subjunctive used in subordinate clauses that follow expression of emotion or expression of a subjective eval or judgement

Front 16

Examples of Emotional Phrases

Back 16

esperar que
estar contento/a (de) que
estar triste (de) que
sentir(ie, i) que
tener miedo (de) que
me encanta que
me enfada que
me enoja que
me fascina que
me gusta que
es bueno que
es fantástico que
¡Qué bueno que…!