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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who planted the first vines in Spain, and when?
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Phoenicians / 1000 BC
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What happened in Spain from the 8th century until the 15th century
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Spain was under the rule of the Moors, and winemaking stagnated. The consumption of alcohol is forbidden in the Mohammedan religions.
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When did Spanish wine areas and styles start to coalesce?
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the 1490's
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Which country has the most LAND under vine?
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Spain / 2,851,600 acres (2005)
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When was irrigation legalized in Spain?
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1996
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When was Spain admitted into the EU?
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1986
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When was phylloxera first found in Spain?
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1878 / in Malaga
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Generally when did the French come to spain to escape phylloxera, and to where?
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1860's / Rioja and Navarra
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When did phylloxera reach Rioja, why did it take so long, and why was it not catastrophic?
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1901 / Spain's wine regions are far apart. / Grafting vines onto American rootstock was discovered to be the cure for phylloxera.
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What happened in Spain in June of 1936?
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Civil War until 1939. General Franco
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Why did the spanish wine industry stagnate between 1939-1975?
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General Franco and the Nationalist Party ruled Spain. The focus, enforced by the government, was on large co-operative wineries. These wineries turned spainish wines into inexpensive bulk wines sold under brand names or generic names such as Spanish Chablis. This also was a time of relatively poor economic growth for Spain. Franco's regime had a isolationist philosophy and there was little or no middle class in Spain and thus no internal market for "fine wines".
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What are Spain's wine law quality levels?
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Vino de Mesa VdM
Vino Comarcal VC Vino de la Tierra VdlT Vino de Calidad con Indicacion Geografica VCIG Denominacion de Origen DO Denominacion de Origen Calificada DOCa or DOQ (Catalan) |
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Where is Rioja?
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north eastern Spain, south of Bilbao, in the Ebro river valley, surrounding the town of Logrono.
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What are Rioja's three zones and where are they inside rioja?
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Rioja Alta / West of Logrono, surrounds the town of Haro
Rioja Alavesa / North of the river Ebro Rioja Baja / From the suburbs of Logrono south and east. Includes the towns of Calahorra and Alfaro. |
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Give a short history of Rioja.
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Romans planted vines 2nd century.
Moors 8th to the end of 15th century. Wines begin to flourish under Christian control in the middle ages. 1850's powdery mildew and then phylloxera drive french winemakers to bring expertise and technology into Rioja. WWI,Spanish Civil War, and WWII seriosly harm wine production in Rioja. Famine and Franco's fascist, Isolationist government hampers quality wine production until the late 1960's. Great Vintage in 1970. Rioja grows rapidly in the 80's and 90's. DOCa status in 1991. |
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What are the major grape veritals of Rioja?
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Tempranillo
Garnacha Mazuelo (Carinena or Carignan) Graciano Cabernet Sauvignon - Marquis de Riscal only Viura (Macabeo) Malvasia |
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What mountain ranges border Rioja?
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Pyrenees NW
Cantabrian N Sierra de la Demanda SW |
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What does the Cantabrian Mountain range do for Rioja?
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Moderates the effects of the Atlantic Ocean, and protects from northern winds.
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What are the major soil structures composed of in Rioja?
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Limestone w/ sandstone or calcareous clay and salty deposits in Alavesa and Alta
Clay, silty-loam, and alluvial soils in Baja. |
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Name two climatic pests in Rioja.
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Hailstorms
Solano (Dry, hot wind) |
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What is the climate of Rioja?
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Medditerreanean mitigated by the Atlantic ocen as you move northwest into Alta and Alavesa.
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Where is the Ribera del Duero?
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North Central Spain / in Castilla Y Leon / Upper duero River Valley / east of Valladolid
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When was Ribera del Duero awarded DO status?
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1982
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What is the climate of Ribera de Duero?
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Continental. 3000ft elev. Hot days Cold nights.
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What is the major climatic pest in Ribero del Duero?
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Spring Frosts
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What are some other names for Tempranillo?
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Tinto Fino, Ribera del Duero
Tinto del Pais, Ribera del Duero Tinto de Toro, Toro, local Strain |
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What internacional Varieties are allowed in Ribera del Duero? Why?
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Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, and Malbec. Vega Sicilia 130 years ago. 1860's when Rioja was being invaded by French winemakers escaping Powdery mildew and Phylloxera.
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What started the French Migration to Spain in the 1840's?
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Powdery Mildew.
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What happened in France in the 1860's?
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Phylloxera / they went to Rioja now in droves.
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What grapes are allowed in red Rioja?
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Tempranillo, Garnacha, Mazuelo, and Graciano.
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What white grapes are allowed in Rioja?
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Viura, Malavasia.
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What is cava and where is it made?
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Spanish sparkling wine made in the traditional method. Mostly in Catalunya (95%) but also in Rioja, Navarro, Utiel Requena, and Carinena.
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How did Cava come about and who gave birth to it?
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Jose Raventos made the first bottles of Cava after a visit to France in 1872.
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Why was phylloxera important in the growth in popularity of Cava?
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Cataluna was infected in the 1880's. Vines had to be ripped up. Replanted with Macabeo, Parellada, and Xarel-lo.
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Who are the major Cava producers?
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Freixenet / Pedro Ferrer 1889
Codorniu / Jose Raventos 1872 |
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Where is the town that is the center of Cava production?
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Catalunya / Penedes / San Sadurni d'Anoya
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When did spain agree to change the name of it's sparkling wine to Cava?
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1970 from Champana.
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What are the varieties used in Cava and to what purpose?
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Macabeo (Viura / Rioja) Neutral flavors. Used for insurance due to it's late budbreak, a great help due to spring frosts.
Xarel-lo for flavor, earthy aroma. Good for lower altitudes. Parellada for acicidy and apple notes. Generally regarded as the finest verital. Good for higher altitudes. Chardonnay and Pinot Noir recently in the 1980's. Both to give the wines a more international (read French) style. Pinot Noir for Roses. |
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What are the 4 important DO specifications for Cava?
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9 months on lees before disgorgement. (lower than CHAMP)
4 atmospheres of pressure. (lower than CHAMP) Alcoholic stregnth of 10.8 to 12.8%. Yeilds are 1 hl of must per every 150 kg of grapes. (much lower than CHAMP) |
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What other important invention is used in the production of Cava?
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Gyropalette. It is used to proform remuage or riddling.
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What is the main soil type in Penedes?
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Limestone and Clay.
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What is the Climate of Penedes?
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Mild Medditerranean
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What is Vino de Mesa?
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The lowest catagory of table wine, and may not be sold under a region or vintage.
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What is Vino Comarcal?
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A sleightly higher quality table wine which may be sold under a region and vintage.
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What is Vino de la Tierra?
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Similar to VdP and IGT. Wines from a local region with a specific character and can be expected to achieve DO status within 5 years of being registered.
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What is Vinos de Calidad con Indicacion Geografica?
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Equal to VDQS (France)
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What is Denominacion de Origen?
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DO's are similar to AOC's in France and are subject to similar regulations. For each DO there is a Consejo Regulador.
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What is a Consejo Regulador?
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A regulating council that decide on the ground rules for viticulture, and vinification for their specific DO or DOCa region. The body is comprised of local growers, producers, and merchants.
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What is the Instituto Nacional de Denomincaiones de Origen?
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The governmental body that administers the laws for wine production in spain decided upon by the Consejo Reguladors.
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What is Denominacion de Origen Calificada?
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The highest classification for spanish wine. Rioja and Priorat. Qualificada DOQ in Catalonia (Priorat).
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What is Vinos de Pagos?
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Top quality estates outside of traditional DO or DOCa areas. Must be from single estates, and produced on those estates. Also refered to as DO de pagos.
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What are the ageing criteria for Spanish wines?
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DO & DOCa
Joven repaces Sin Crianza (0-less than Crianza) Vinho de Crianza (2 years 6mo in barricas) Reserva (3 years 1 year in barricas) Gran Reserva (5 years 2 in barricas) VdM, VC, & VdlT minium 60 litre casks Noble (18 mo in cask) Anejo (24 mo in cask) Viejo (36 mo in cask) |
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Where is Penedes?
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South of Barcelona / NE corner of Spain / On the Mediterranean Sea.
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Where is Priorat?
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30 miles west (inland from the city of Tarragona)
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What is the soil type in Priorat?
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Red Slate with reflective mica particles. llicorella
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Explain the modern history of Priorat.
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1989 Rene Barbier.
Town of Gratallaps. 5 friends. "Clos" Communal production to start. Rene Barbier (Clos Mogador), Costers del Siurana (Clos de l'Obac) Alvaro Palacios (Finca Dofi, L'Ermita) Mas Martinet (Clos Martinet) Clos & Terrasses (Clos Erasmus) |
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What are the Grapes used in Priorat?
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Garnacha & Carignan
along with some international varetials: Cab, Merlot, Syrah, Pinot Noir |
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Name three important producers of Rioja.
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Vina Arana
Bodegas Lan Marquis de Riscal Marquis de Murrieta Bodegas Sierra Cantabria |
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Name three important Toro Producers.
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Bodegas Numanthia-Termes
Bodegas Pintia |
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Who is Miguel Torres?
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Large producer of Still wines in Catalunya.
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Name 3 Producers in the ribera del Duero.
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Dominio de Pingus
Vega Sicilia Tinto Pesquera |
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Where is Rias Baixas?
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NW Spain / Galicia / immediatly north of Portugal
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Describe the Veritals of Rias Biaxas?
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Albarino, blended with loureiro, and treixadua.
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Describe the white wine style of Rias Baixas.
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Fresh, high acicidy, no ML
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When were Spain's first DO wine laws enacted? And when were they revamped?
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1932
1970 |
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What is another term for Powdery mildew?
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Odium
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When was Rioja awarded DOCa status
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1988
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What city is closest to Ribera del Duero?
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Madrid is 80 miles south.
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What is Tempranillo called in the Ribera del Duero?
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Tinto Fino or Tinta del Pais a clone.
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What is the history of wine in Rias Baixas?
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Like much of Spain white wines were traditionally oaged in oak, dried out fruit and oxidized wines.
Not much modernization or exports of local wines until the 1980's Quality and a new style develop in the 80's thanks to a growing middle class and new technology. Stainless steel, temprature controlled fermentation, racking and filtration. |
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What is the main climatic pest of Rias Baixas?
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Moisture. Vines are trained on parras. Parras are 10ft granite pillars with support wires at the top.
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What labeling practice is different in Rias Biaxas?
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Verital labeling for Albarino.
Must be 100% Albarino. |
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What are the 5 subzones of Rias Baixas?
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Val do Salnes
O Rosal Condado do Tea Soutomaior Ribeira do Ulla |
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What is the CLimate of Rias Baixas?
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Maratime
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What are the soils of Rias Baixas?
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Granitic.
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Describe Sherry's principal locations and grape veriatals..
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Sherry production is centered around the two towns of Jerez and Sanlucar de Barrameda in Cadiz. Palimino, Pedro Ximenez, and Moscatel Gordo Blanco (Muscat of Alexandria) are the three allowable grapes grown on Albariza soil. 95% Palimino. PX is shipped in from Montilla-Moriles where there is more clay in the soil.
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Describe pre solera Sherry production.
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Grapes are first harvested, crushed by men (pisadores)wearing zapatos di pisar in lagars (modern is pneumatic presses) and fermented in small oak barrells butts filled to 90% capacity.
Wine is assesed to determine wether or not it will become a fino style (with flor) or an oloroso style (without flor). Oloroso styles are fortified above 18% to kill any possible flor with mitad y mitad or 50-50 mixture of Alcohol and concentrated grape juice. All wines are fermented dry. Wines are then racked. Wines will be assesed over a period of 2 years to determine final style. Barrels are marked with chalk marks (rayas) to demark a casks style. |
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Describe post Solera Sherry style.
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Sherry is then placed in a solera system, which is a fractional blending system. The entire system consists of wine in butts, split into butts of equal volume, but of different maturation. The oldest stage is called the solera. Each younger stage is called a criadera or nursery. There can be on average from 7-14 criadera in the system. Wine is drawn off to be bottled from the mature solera and replaced by an equal volume of wine from the next oldest criadera, which is topped off by wine from the next oldest criadera and so forth until new wine is added to the youngest criadera called anada.
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Describe the styles of Sherry.
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Fino or Oloroso
Fino types: Manzanilla:Sanlucar de Barrimeda with some ageing Manzanilla Pasada Fino:Jerez with some ageing and loss of flor Fino-Amontillado with some more ageing 8 years minimum Amontillado. Sherry from Sanlucar de Barrimeda can also attain Amontillado. Oloroso: no flor Palo Cortado is a sherry that starts as a fino but loses it's flor before it can become Amontillado and it ends up aging like an oloroso. Retaining the best of both styles. Rare style difficult to produce. |
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What are the two winds that affect sherry production, and describe how they affect it.
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Levante and Poniente. L= is from the east dries and concentrates the grapes. Poniente= is from the west off the atlantic wet wind that helps enable the flor to grow.
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