Sp2 Binya

Front 1

Cognition that relates to social activities and that helps us understand and predict behavior of ourselves and others

Back 1

Social cognition

Front 2

The ability to connect stimuli with responses (behavior or other actions)

Back 2

Conditioning

Front 3

The principle that experiences that are followed by positive emotions (rein- forcements or rewards) are likely to be repeated, whereas experiences that are followed by negative emotions (punishments) are less likely to be repeated.

Back 3

Operant learning

Front 4

Occurs when an object or event comes to be associated with a natural response, such as an automatic behavior or a positive or negative emotion.

Back 4

Associational learning

Front 5

people learn by observing the behavior of others

Back 5

Observational learning

Front 6

The outcome of learning is ______. And this _______is stored in the form of schemas

Back 6

Knowledge

Front 7

knowledge representations that include information about a person, group, or situation.

Back 7

Schemas

Front 8

the part of the brain that lies in front of the motor areas of the cortex and that helps us remember the char- acteristics and actions of other people, plan complex social behaviors, and coordinate our behaviors with those of others

Back 8

Prefrontal cortex

Front 9

The social part of the brain

Back 9

Prefrontal cortex

Front 10

When existing schemas change on the basis of new information, we call the process _____.

Back 10

Accommodation

Front 11

a process in which our existing knowledge influences new conflicting information to better fit with our existing knowledge, thus reducing the likelihood of schema change.

Back 11

Assimilation

Front 12

One outcome of assimilation is the ________, the tendency for people to seek out and favor information that confirms their expectations and beliefs

Back 12

Confirmation bias

Front 13

we often remember things that match our current beliefs better than those that don’t and reshape those memories to better align with our current beliefs

Back 13

Reconstructive memory bias

Front 14

Is a process that occurs when our expec- tations about others lead us to behave toward those others in ways that make our expectations come true.

Back 14

self-fulfilling prophecy

Front 15

Our knowledge about and our responses to social events are developed and influenced by

Back 15

Operant learning, associational learning and observational learning

Front 16

refers to thinking that occurs out of our awareness, quickly, and without taking much effort (

Back 16

Automatic cognition

Front 17

When we deliberately size up and think about something, for instance, another person, we call it

Back 17

controlled cognition

Front 18

a technique in which information is temporarily brought into memory through expo- sure to situational events, which can then influence judgments entirely out of awareness.

Back 18

priming

Front 19

The likelihood that events occur across a large population, known as

Back 19

base rates

Front 20

Another case in which we ignore base-rate information occurs when we use the _________which occurs when we base our judgments on information that seems to represent, or match, what we expect will happen, while ignoring more informative base-rate information.

Back 20

representativeness heuristic

Front 21

refers to the extent to which a schema is activated in memory and thus likely to be used in information processing.

Back 21

Cognitive accessibility

Front 22

The tendency to make judgments of the frequency of an event, or the likelihood that an event will occur, on the basis of the ease with which the event can be retrieved from memory is known as the

Back 22

Availability heuristic

Front 23

refers to the ease with which we can process information in our environments.

Back 23

Processing fluency

Front 24

the tendency to overestimate the extent to which other people hold similar views to our own.

Back 24

false consensus bias

Front 25

A closely related bias to the false consensus effect is the ________, which is the tendency to assume that others share our cognitive and affective states

Back 25

projection bias

Front 26

The tendency to think about events according to what might have been is known as

Back 26

counterfactual thinking

Front 27

The accessibility of the initial information frequently prevents this adjustment from occurring—leading us to weight initial information too heavily and thereby insufficiently move our judgment away from it. This is called the problem of

Back 27

anchoring and adjustment.

Front 28

A tendency to be overconfident in our own skills, abilities, and judgments.

Back 28

overconfidence bias

Front 29

tendency to believe that positive outcomes are more likely to happen than negative ones, particularly in relation to ourselves versus others.

Back 29

Optimistic bias

Front 30

whereby their social judgments about the future are less positively skewed and often more accurate than those who do not have depression

Back 30

depressive realism

Front 31

defined as a tendency to overestimate the amount that we can accomplish over a particular time frame.

Back 31

planning fallacy

Front 32

tendency to believe that our own judgments are less susceptible to the influence of bias than those of others as the _______

Back 32

bias blind spot

Front 33

describes a tendency to rely on automatically occurring affective responses to stimuli to guide our judgments of them

Back 33

affect heuristic

Front 34

describes a tendency to better remember information when our current mood matches the mood we were in when we encoded that information.

Back 34

Mood-dependent memory

Front 35

occur when we are more able to retrieve memories that match our current mood.

Back 35

mood congruence effects

Front 36

occurs when people incorrectly label the source of the arousal that they are experiencing.

Back 36

Misattribution of arousal

Front 37

which occur when people’s judgments about different options are affected by whether they are framed as resulting in gains or losses.

Back 37

framing effects

Front 38

The process of setting goals and using our cognitive and affective capacities to reach those goals is known as

Back 38

self-regulation

Front 39

involves altering an emotional state by reinterpreting the meaning of the triggering situation or stimulus.

Back 39

Cognitive reappraisal

Front 40

a way of explaining current outcomes affecting the self in a way that leads to an expectation of positive future outcomes

Back 40

optimistic explanatory style

Front 41

the belief in our ability to carry out actions that produce desired outcomes.

Back 41

self-efficacy