Sp2

Front 1

State the pathway of the reflex arc starting with the Receptor

Back 1

Receptor> sensory neuron->integration center in brain/interneurons (1or more)->motor neuron->effector (muscle or gland)

Front 2

Difference between Monosynaptic reflex and Polysynaptic reflex

Back 2

monosynaptic refles involves just the afferent neuron and efferot neuron

polysynaptic neuron involves afferent neuron then interneuron then efferent neurons.

Front 3

What is the effect of prostaglandins on the threshold of nociceptors?

Back 3

prostaglandins lower the threshold of nociceptors

Front 4

Do nociceptors adapt to sustained or repetitive stimulation?

Back 4

NO

Front 5

What are the three categories of nociceptors?

Back 5

Mechanical- cutting, crushing or pinching

Thermal-temperature

polymodal- respond equally to all kinds of damaging stimuli

irritating chemicals released from injured tissues

Front 6

Characteristics of FAST pain:

1) what type of stimulation

2) what kind of neurons carry response

3) what kind of pain is produced

4) localization?

Back 6

1) mechanical, and thermal nciceptors

2)carried by small myelinated A-delta fibers

3) produce sharp pricking pain sensation

4) easily localized

Front 7

Characteristics of SLOW pain:

1) what type of stimulation

2) what kind of neurons carry response

3) what kind of pain is produced

4) localization?

Back 7

1) stimulation of polymodal

2) carried by small unmyelinated C fibers

3) dull, aching burning sensation

4) poorly localized

Front 8

1)Which pain occurs first, FAST or SLOW?


2)Which one lasts longer?

Back 8

1) Fast

2) Slow

Front 9

Functions of the cerebral cortex

Back 9

sensory perception
voluntary control of movement
language
personality traits
sophisticated mental event, such as thinking, memory, decision making creativity and self consciousness

Front 10

Function of basal nuclei

Back 10

inhibition of muscle tone
coordination of slow sustained movements
suppression of useless patterns of movement

Front 11

Function of the Thalamus

Back 11

relay station for all synaptic input

crude awareness of sensation

some degree of consciousness

role in motor control

Front 12

Function of Hypothalamus

Back 12

regulation of many homeostatic functions such as temperature control, thirst, urine output, and food intake

important link between nervous and endocrine system

involvement with emotion and basic behavioral patters

role in sleep wake cycle

Front 13

Function of cerebellum

Back 13

maintenance of balance

enhancement of muscle tone

coordination and planning of skilled voluntary muscle activity

Front 14

Function of the spinal cord

Back 14

origin of majority of peripheral cranial nerves

cardiovascular respiratory and digestive control centers
muscle reflex involved with equilibrium and posture
arousal and activation of
cerebral cortex

role in sleep wake cycle

Front 15

group of cell bodies in the CNS are called

Back 15

Nuclei

Front 16

group of cell bodies in the PNS are called

Back 16

ganglia

Front 17

List the ways the CNS is protected

Back 17

1) brain enclosed in skull, spine in closed in vertebral column

2) wrapped in 3 protective and nourishing membranes- meningies
a) dura mater
b) arachnoid mater
c) pia mater
3) CSF
4) blood brain barrier

Front 18

Describe the 3 meningies

Back 18

Dura mater- thickest and outermost "tough mother"

Arachnoid mater- delicate and vascularized "spider-like mother"

Pia mater -bound tightly to brain

Front 19

List the space found between the meningies and what is found inside those spaces

Back 19

Subdural - serous fluid

subarachnoid (between arachnoid membrane and pia mater)- csf and blood vessels

Front 20

1) how many ventricles are there?

2) where is the cerebrospinal fluid made?

3) what is hydrocephalus?

Back 20

1) four

2) choroid plexus

3) blockage of CSF flow

Front 21

What are the names of the ventricles?

Back 21

1) lateral ventricles or right and left ventricles
2) third ventricle
3) fourth ventricle

Front 22

Name the area between the 3rd and 4th ventricle

name the area after the 4th ventricle

Back 22

cerebral aqueduct

central canal

Front 23

Describe step by step the formation and transfer of CSF

Back 23

1) formed by choroid plexuses, which projects into lateral, third and fourth ventricles

2) flows through the 4th ventricle and through the spinal cord's central canal

3) moves from teh 4th ventricle to the subarchanoid space to the arcanoid villi which allows it to flow into the dural sinuses

Front 24

how many times is the entire volume replaced?

what is the normal pressure

what happens if the circulatory process fails?

Back 24

1) 3

2)10mmHg

3)hydrocephalus

Front 25

what is the benefit/flaws of blood brain barrier?

Back 25

1) protects brain from chemical fluctuations. lmits exchange between blood and brain

2)minimizes changes that toxins in blood enter brain
prevents the circulation of hormones that many act like neurotransmitters

3) limits the kinds of drugs that can be used to treat brain and spinal disorders : FLAW

Front 26

what can cross the blood brain barrier?

Back 26

water, small lipophilic molecules to freely cross

water soluatble susbtances do not cross easily

lipid soluble substance like o2 and co2, alcohol and steroid hormones cross easily

Front 27

What are circumventricular organs?

Back 27

regions in the brain that lack a blood brain barrier

Front 28

why do circumventricular organs lack a barrier?

Back 28

to sense the internal milieu of the body or areas involved in regulating or sensing hormones.

Front 29

Name the circumventricular organs

Back 29

pineal body- secrets melatonin

neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)- realease neurohormones

area postrema (medulla oblongata) - vomiting center, get rid of toxins before they hurt you

subfornacal organ- important in regulation of body fluids

median eminence- (part of hypothalamus) regulates anterior pituitary through neurohormones

Front 30

1) how are cells of the capillary endothelium in the the brain joined?

2) what are ways of exchange between the blood brain barrier?

3) what supposedly directs the tightening of endothelium?

Back 30

1) tight junctions

2) through endothelial cells wither by endo or exocytosis, protein transport, simple diffusion if the material is membrane soluble

3) astrocytes

Front 31

what structures are part of the brain stem?

Back 31

midbrain pons medulla

Front 32

name the key aspects of the following neuroimaging types:
1) CT
2) MRI
3)SPECT/PET

Back 32

1) X-RAY
2)protons in magnetic field
3)radiolabled injected compounds

Front 33

1)What part of the brain controls reticular formation?

2) what is happened with RAS during wakefulness?


3)what is happening to RAS during slow wave sleep?

Back 33

1) brainstem

2) wakefulness= RAS active and suppressing rhythmic pacemaker neurons in thalamus and cortex

3) slow wave sleep- Ras neuons decrease activity allowing the mergence of synchronous rhythmic activity of thalamic and cortical neurons

Front 34

Paradoxal sleep (REM)

1) EEG?
2)Motor activity?
3)heart rate, bp respiration?
4) dreaming?
5) arousal?
6) percentage of sleeping time?
7) other important characteristics?

Back 34

1) like awake person
2)abrupt inhibition of muscle tone, no movement
3)irregular
4)common
5)no easily awoken, but apt to wake spontaneously
6) 20%
7) rapid eye movement

Front 35

Slow wave sleeping

1) EEG?
2)Motor activity?
3)heart rate, bp respiration?
4) dreaming?
5) arousal?
6) percentage of sleeping time?
7) other important characteristics?

Back 35

1) slow waves
2) considerable muscle tone, frequent shifting
3) minor reductions
4) rare dreaming
5) easily awakened
6) 80%
7)has four stages

Front 36

What is EEG and what is it used for?

Back 36

records postsynaptic activity in cortical neurons

brain waves

clinical tool for diagnosis of cerebral dysfunction
used in legal determination of brain death
used to distinguish between various sleep stages

Front 37

What kind of waves are seen when eyes are cosed and when they are open?

Back 37

open= alpha

closed= beta

Front 38

1)What is the function of the Limbic system?

2) what are the parts of the limbic system?

Back 38

1) limbic system interconnect the frontal lobe with hypothalamus and lower centers for behavior and memory

2) cingulate gyrus
emotional aspects of pain processing: depression

3) hypocampus: learning and memory. declarative memory

4) amygdala
emotions: fear
expression and recognition of emotions

Front 39

How are the two hemispheres connected?

Back 39

corpus callosum and anterior and posterior hippocampal commissure

Front 40

what is the function of the Supplementary motor area

Back 40

Plays preparatory role in programming complex sequences of movement
Complex patterns of movement:
Opening or closing hand

Front 41

what is the function of Premotorcortex

Back 41

Important in orienting the body and arms toward a specific target

Front 42

what is the function of Posterior parietal cortex?

Back 42

Lies posterior to primary somatosensorycortex
When either of these areas is damaged, one can‘t process complex sensory information to accomplish purposeful movement
ie: manipulating eating utensils

Front 43

1) Corpus callosum interconnects...

2) Association fibers interconnect

3)Projection fibers interconnect

Back 43

1)left and right cerebral hemispheres

2) functionally distinct areas in same cerebral hemisphere


3) cerebral hemispheres with lower structures such as thalamus

Front 44

1) functions of broca's area
2) functions wenicke's area

Back 44

1) speech
2) language comprehension, formulates coherent patters of speech

Front 45

Language disorders:

1) aphasia

2) speech impediments

3)dyslexia

Back 45

1) caused by stroke

2)Caused by defect in mechanical aspect of speech
Weakness or incoordinationof muscles controlling vocal apparatus

3) inappropriate interpretation of words

Front 46

how is aphasias caused

Back 46

damage to the Broca's and Wernicke's areas disrupts language comprehension or production

Front 47

Wernicke‘s aphasia occur....

Back 47

results from damage in temporal-parietal lobe

Front 48

Broca‘s aphasia occur....

Back 48

results from damage in frontal lobe