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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is sport psych?
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Scientific study of human
behavior in physical activity contexts and the practical application of that knowledge |
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What are the ABCs of psychology? D and E?
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Affect
Behavior Cognition Dynamic (changing) Environment |
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What are the two major questions of sport psychologists?
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How do social and psychological factors influence behavior in P.A.?
How does P.A. influence the psychological well-being of individuals? |
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Name and describe the two types of sport psychologists
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• Educational
– mental coach...educates and increases awareness of sport practitioners – conducts applied research • Clinical – trained in clinical psychology – provides psychotherapy, crisis intervention |
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What is the "central theme" in sport psychology?
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B= f (P, E)
motivation, competition anxiety, sportsmanship |
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Who is credited with the first “sport
psychology” study in 1898 on social influence and performance? |
Norman Triplett (cyclists performed beter in a group than alone)
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Who is known at the “father of sport
psychology” in North America? What were some of his achievements? |
Coleman Griffith
Wrote two psychology books about athletics Research with learning, personality, and motivation- most famously with the Cubs |
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What was going on in sport psych from 1940-1965?
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-Isolated studies
-Research programs in motor behavior -First sport psych texts |
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What was going on from 1965-1999?
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ISSP
NASPSPA AAASP International Journal of Sport Psych...Psychology of Motor Behavior and Sport.... began being published |
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Recognized specialty areas (est. in 21st century):
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Developmental,
psychophysiology, social, health, clinical |
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What 21st century methods does sport psych use?
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Programmatic lines of research, not isolated
studies Multiple paradigms (scientific method, naturalistic) and sources of knowledge (quantitative, qualitative) |
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What are the "Approaches to Knowledge" (sources or ways of knowing)?
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• Intuition (“common sense”, beliefs)
• Experiential (personal experiences) • Scientific (systematic, empirical studies about relationships among phenomena) – Quantitative or Qualitative methods |
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What is THEORY?
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• Theory: systematic explanation of a
phenomenon based on sound scientific evidence • Theory is our guide to asking good questions and conducting useful research • Theory is our goal because it helps us understand and explain behavior |
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What is PRACTICAL THEORY? Give some examples.
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• Practical theory: guidelines that are relevant to the real world
• Examples: social reinforcement observational learning motivational approaches • Social support and motivational approaches in health and fitness clubs |
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Define socialization
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a continuous process whereby individuals
learn skills, behaviors, attitudes, and values that allow them to perform a number of social roles |
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Define "social role"
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expected behaviors
associated with one’s position within a particular group, society, or culture |
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What are the socialization categories?
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• Socialization INTO sport
• Socialization THROUGH sport • Socialization OUT OF sport |
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What three things play a part in role learning (in terms of socialization)?
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Social situations
Significant others Personal attributes |
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What are some of the areas on the "socialization wheel" that influence the child?
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Nuclear family
Sport organization School Mass Media Peer Group |
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What are the mechanisms of socialization?
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• Observational learning
• Feedback and reinforcement • Expectancies and values |
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Integrating socialization
influences and motivational processes --> |
Eccles’ expectancy-value
theory of achievement beliefs and behaviors |
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Name and describe some mechanisms of parental influence
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Providers of Experience (signs ups, transport, feedback, social support)
Interpreters of experience (competency beliefs, value of PA, gender expectancies, parenting style) Role models (modeling=behaviors and attitudes) |
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Summarize Fredricks & Eccles (2002):
A Tale of Two Domains |
• Math and Sport domains
– Competence beliefs – Task values (importance, interest) – Parents’ beliefs • Gender variations • Grade 1 -> Grade 12 Both math and sport competence values declined Task values: Math interest decrease, but its percieved importance increased....Sport interested remained steady, but its percieved importance declined |
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How do siblings influced youth in sport?
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• Role modeling and social
support – older brothers and sisters • Birth order and family position – opportunities – parenting styles – niche for achievement |
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Summarize Social Influence and Adolescents’
Sport Motivation (Garcia Bengoechea & Strean, 2007 ) |
• Purposes:
– how do adolescents integrate different social sources of motivational influence – Develop an explanatory model • Ages 13-17 (6 F, 6 M), varied sports • Semi-structured interviews |
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What are some mechanisms of influence that siblings/peers have on youth in sport?
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• Providers of support
• Sources of competence information – Social evaluation – Social comparison • Models to emulate • Agents of achievement orientations • Sources of pressure and control |
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What is the "explanatory model"?
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Mechansims of
social influence <--> personal characteristics <--> participants’ sport motivation |
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According to Smith, 2007...why do peers matter in sport?
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• Participation motivation
• Percieved competence • Enjoyment of PA • Moral development |
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Name and describe the two types of peer relationships
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• Peer acceptance/popularity
• Friendship – Dyadic relationship that is mutual and close |
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What was Harry Stack Sullivan’s developmental
theory? |
– ages 7-9: peer group acceptance ->
sense of belonging – ages 10-14: close same-sex friendship (“chumship”) -> self-esteem, feelings of security, less loneliness |
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What is "attachment theory" according to Ainsworth, Bowlby?
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Quality of attachment between infant and caregiver....
– ability to interact with peers – willingness to initiate relationships – determines responsiveness to others |
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What are the three aspects of friendship according to Hartup, 1996?
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– whether or not one has friends
– characteristics of one’s friends – quality of one’s friendships |
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What are some positive and negative things about friendship?
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pos: loyalty, self-esteem enhancement
neg: conflict, competitiveness, aggression |
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What was the purpose of "That's What Friends Are For" by Weiss et al?
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• youths’ perceptions of friendship
in the sport context • positive and negative features • age and gender variations |
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What was the methodology of "That's What Friends Are For" by Weiss et al?
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• Participants
– Ages 8 to 16 years (girls, boys) – Spectrum of peer acceptance and friendship qualities • Procedure – Semi-structured interviews – “what are some of the differences between your best friend…” |
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Describe inductive content analysis (used in Thats What Friends Are For by Weiss et al)
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Many lower orders-->Few higher orders--> One Dimension (i.e. companionship)
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What were some of the age and gender differences concluded from Thats What Friends Are For?
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-Younger kids focused on prosocial behavior
and loyalty – Older kids focused on attractive qualities and intimacy – Girls focused on emotional support more than boys |
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How can we enhance peer relationships in physical activity?
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• Emphasize cooperative goals and peer
group problem-solving • Provide opportunities for youth to engage in shared decision-making • Design small-group activities that require teamwork and maximal participation • Choose peer leaders and teams in ways that de-emphasize social status |
