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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the Receptive Field
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Area of the retina that affects firing rate of a ganglion cell.
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what is sensation?
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functioning of our sensory systems, awareness due to stimulation of sense organs
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What are the three types of ganglion cells?
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M Cells
P Cells K Cells |
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what is transduction?
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transformation of one kind of energy into another kind of energy
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Describe M Cells
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Magnocellular
Large Receptive Field Black and White information Fast processing |
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What causes afterimages?
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Chromatic adaptation
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Describe P Cells
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Parvocellular
Smaller Receptive Fields Color information Slower Processing |
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what did john locke discover?
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water can feel either warm or cool depending on where your hand has been.
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Describe K Cells
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Koniocellular
Very Small Slow processing Not much is known |
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what did john locke conclude?
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the warmness or coolness of the water doesn't depend on the water, but on the percievers state
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Describe the LGN
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Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
6 layers |
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what are the 3 types of ganglion cells?
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M, P, K
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what is an M cell?
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magnocellular. typically larger good for black and white and has faster processing, not good for detail
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How much space does the Fovea represent on the Visual Cortex?
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About 10%
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what is a P cell
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parvocellular 80% smaller, good for high contrast and is color specific
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3 Types of cells in the Striate Cortex
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Simple, Complex and End-stopped
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what is a K cell?
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koniocellular, small slow, and we don't know alot about it.
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Simple Cells of the Striate Cortex
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process lines of different orientations
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what is the idea of belongingness?
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an area's appearence is affected by where we think it belongs. This occurs probably in the cortex instead of the retina
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Complex Cells of the Striate Cortex
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process bars of light, but only respond to movement of bars of light in a specific direction.
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Explain "Monochromat"
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Someone who is truly color blind.
Usually has no functioning cones, only rods. Does affect Acuity, and people are often light sensitive. |
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End-Stopped Cells of the Striate Cortex
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Corners or boundaries
Moving lines of specific length Moving corners or angles |
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what is an anchor?
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using something you have prior knowledge about to make a determination of brightness ( paper is white so that image on the paper must be dark)
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Orientation Columns in the Visual Cortex
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Neurons in a column all respond to the same angle
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What are neural circuits?
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Convergent circuit with excitatory and inhibitiory connections
WHITE'S ILLUSION |
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Explain "Dichromat"
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3 Types:
Protanope: red/green mixups, most commonly missing an L cone. Deuteranope: red/green mixups, most commonly missing an M cone. Tritanope: blue/yellow mixups, most commonly missing an S cone (this is very rare) |
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what is hyperopia?
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far sighted
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Explain Cerebral Achromatopsia
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Cortical loss of color vision
Damage to the "what" pathway or the ventral pathway. |
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what is myopia?
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near sighted
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Describe the "What" Pathway
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M Ganglion Cells--> Magnocellular layers of the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus--> V1 of Cortex--> Dorsal Stream to the Parietal Lobe
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Explain Synesthesia
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A mixture of the senses.
Each has his/her own unique association. Most often "chromatic" |
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Describe the "Where" Pathway
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Parvocellular Ganglion Cells--> Parvocellular layers of the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus--> V1 of Cortex--> Ventral Stream to the Temporal Lobe
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what kind of lens do they use to fix hyperopia? myopia?
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convex
concave |
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What are the two definitions of sound?
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Perceptual: sound is the experience we have when we hear.
Physical: sound is pressure changes (vibrations) |
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what factors affect eyesight?
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age, genetics
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what is presbyopia?
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difficulty in accomodation so near point gets further away
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what is the law of proximity?
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elements near each other tend to be seen as a unit
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what is the law of similarity?
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elements similar to each other tend to be seen as a unit
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what is the law of good continuation?
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elements arranged in either a straight line or a smooth curve tend to be seen as a unit
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what is the law of closure?
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when a figure has a gap we tend to see it as a closed complete figure
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the law of common fate?
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when elements move in the same direction we view them as the same
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what is the law of pragnanz?
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you will see the most simple and stable shapes in a picture
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what is an ilusionary contour?
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when we see an edge even though it is not actually present
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what is a monocular cue?
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takes only one eye to view these cues
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What is "bottom-up" processing
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Data Driven
Processing based on how receptors register environmental stimuli |
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what is occlusion?
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when one object covers another it is percieved as closer
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What is "top-down" processing?
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Conceptually-based or knowledge based.
Perceivers previous knowledge shapes perception. |
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what is bekesy's place theory of hearing?
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pitch is determined based on which fibers of the basilar membrane are firing. That activates different hair cells activating different auditory nerve fibers
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what is the main argument against the place theory?
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lower sounds do not have a distinct tip of the peak, based on this model we shouldn't be able to discriminate between low sounds based on their broad displacement, but we can!
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what is the temporal theory?
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the rate or pattern of firing of nerve impulses determines pitch: the basalar membrane vibrates based on the amount of pitch (25 times per second for 25 Hz)
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what is the main problem with the temporal theory?
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because of our refractory period we an only have 1,000 responses each second, yet we can still hear above 1,000 hz
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what are some ways we group sounds?
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sounds that occur in rapid succession usually come from the same source, a single sound tends to come from the same location
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what is common temporal fate?
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frequencies come on and go off together
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what is the law of good continuation?
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sounds that stay constant or change smoothly are usually from the same source
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What are the key auditory nerve fibers?
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The hair cells
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What is the role of inner hair cells?
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Primary transducers, most of the afferent fibers in the auditory nerve.
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What is Gestalt Psychology?
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The whole is more than the sum of its parts.
perception is not just built up from sensation. Influence also by higher level cognition-- "Top-Down processing" |
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What is the role of outer hair cells?
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Primary amplifiers, all of the efferent fibers in the auditory nerve.
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What are the 5 major laws of grouping?
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1. Simularity
2. Proximity 3. Good Continuation 4. Closure 5. Common fate |
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Explain how sound travels to the cortex, after the ear.
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1. Cochlear Nucleus (ear specific)
2. Superior Olivary Nucleus (brainstem) (bineural) 3. Inferior Colliculli (midbrain) 4. Medial Geniculate Nucleus (thalamus) 5. Auditory Cortex |
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What is conductive hearing loss
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problems delivering the sound stimulus to the receptors.
mechanical problems |
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What is sensorineural hearing loss
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damage to the cochlea or auditory nerve, usually damage to the receptors (hair cells)
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What is conductive hearing loss?
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Vibrations are not conducted from the outer ear to the cochlea
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What is Otitis Media?
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Middle ear infection
Bacteria growning in the middle ear, build up of fluid so that the ossicles can't vibrate. |
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What is Otosclerosis?
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Hereditary.
Calcification of bones in the middle ear, mostly effects the stapes |
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What is Presbycusis?
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"old-hearing"
Loss of sensitivity of high frequencies with old age |
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How do drugs affect hearing?
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Nicotine: reduced blood flow to the cochlea
Apirin: blocks amplification of outer hair cells, temporary hearing loss. |
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What is acoustic trauma?
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Can result from on loud explosive noise, causes hearing damage.
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How is the cochlea organized?
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Tonotopically
Apex responds best to low frequencies Base responds best to high frequencies |
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What are Binaural cues?
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Comparison of signals received by the left and right ears.
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What are Monoaural cues?
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Cues from one ear
Pinna affects the intensity of frequencies |
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Define Binocular disparity.
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Differences in images between two eyes, your eyes see slightly different things
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What is the Horopter?
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an imaginary circle that passes through our point of fixation. Objects that circle don't have disparity.
Objects on or near horopter are in Panum's Fushion Area and are fused into a single image. Objects off the horopter fall on the "non-corresponding points" and these points made disparate images. |
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Explain disparity in terms of the horopter.
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More disparity= further from horopter.
Objects located infront of the horopter have crossed disparity. Objects located beyond the horopter have uncrossed disparity. |
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What are rods?
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photoreceptors
Black and white |
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What are cones?
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photoreceptors
Colors |
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What are the 5 basic tastes?
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Sour, Salty, Sweet, Bitter, Umumi/savory
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what are the 4 types of papillae?
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filiform- shaped like cones and cover entire surface of tongue
fungiform-shaped like mushrooms, sides and tips of tongue foliate-folds on back and sides of tounge circumvallate- mounds at back of tounge |
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what do papillae do?
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contain tastebuds
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where are there no papillae?
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in the middle of the tounge
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what are the components of tastebuds?
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microvilli, supporting cell, taste cell, sensory nerve
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where does taste info go?
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tongue -> brainstem -> thalamus->cortex
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what are supertasters?
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greater number of tastebuds
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what does volitile mean?
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gives off vapors
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what are some fxns of smell?
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you can ID gender, menstrual synchrony, pheremones send sex signals in animals
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what is the VNO?
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vomeronasal organ
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why is it difficult to identify how many odors there are?
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some molecules look the same as others but have different odors
some molecules look different but have the same smell |
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what is retronasal?
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when vapors come through the throat back up to the nose
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what is nasal cycle?
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the resistance in one nostril switches every once and a while
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what do the turbinate bones or baffles do?
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force air into the lungs
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what is the olfactory epithelium?
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at the top of the nasal cavity, mucus that contains olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs)
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what is the tip of the OSNs?
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cillia
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where/how does transduction occur in smell?
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oderants contact receptors on cillia
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how many types of OSNs?
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350
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what occurs after transduction?
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golmeruli in olfactory bulb collect many signals from lots of sensory neurons then send it to mitral cells then to higher level cortical areas
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what is the olfactory bulb?
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primary olfactory piriform cortex
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what role does the amygdala have in smell?
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smell is closely tied to emotion, often the trigger in trauma victims
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what is the tip of the nose phenomenon?
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know you've smelled a smell before but can't label it
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how can our smell perception change?
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adaptation over time, intensity changes
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what are some individual differences in smell?
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age, gender, time of day may also matter
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how do the chemical senses work?
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liquid molecules stimulate the tounge, and molecules in vapor enter your nose
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what does capsacin do?
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stimulates pain receoptors in the fungiform papillae
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what is gustatory sweating?
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when something is so hot you sweat specifically on your head
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how can some people stand spicy food?
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they have adapted and desensitized their pain receptors. you may desensitze the for at least 15-20 mins
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