S&p Exam 2

Front 1

Basic Colors

Back 1

red, blue, green, yellow

Front 2

Hue

Back 2

quality that distinguishes the 4 colors from one another

Front 3

Intensity

Back 3

precieved lightness/brightness

Front 4

Sunlight

Back 4

shorter light wavelengths
all light put together in the spectrum that gives white light

Front 5

light bulb

Back 5

longer light wavelengths
yellow light
not true white light aka sunlight

Front 6

Monocromatic colors

Back 6

produced by single wavelength
for objects-- it's the light reflected off of the surface is the precieved color
white paper--reflects light/ black paper absorbs light

Front 7

Achromatic color

Back 7

contains no hue
eg-- white, black, grey

Front 8

Subtractive color mixing

Back 8

mixing of PIGMENT
each pigment is added, and absorbs (subtracts) more light
additional pigment reflects fewer wavelengths
EX: blue paint-- all color spectrum absorbed except for blue and some green
EX yellow paint-- all spectrum absorbed, some green and yellow reflected
EX-- green paint, all spectrum absorbed, green is the only color left that reflects.

Front 9

Additive Color mixing

Back 9

mixing LIGHT of different color wavelengths
wavelength of each light reaches photopigments.
EX blue and yellow light-- complementry= colors opposite of each other
The each light that is added, reflects the wavelength of color.

Front 10

Color Wheel

Back 10

LOOK AT EXAMPLE
furhter from center, more saturated-- center very UNSATURATED
line drawn from center to circle is the HUE

Front 11

Real World Additive

Back 11

sunlight is the true world additive
TV-- RBG spectrum-- little dots all squished together, projected as one picture

Front 12

Artwork

Back 12

pointillism-- tiny dots all put together to form a picture

Front 13

Trichromatic theory of color vision

Back 13

Young and Helmholtz (1800)
3 receprtors respnsible for color vision:
need 3 wavelengths of light
need 3 cones, small medium and large

Front 14

Behavioral evidence (trichromatic theory)

Back 14

color matching experiments
need 3 different wavelengths of of light to mathc color perception

Front 15

Physiological Evidence (Trichromatic Theory)

Back 15

3 types of cones, each with different spectral sensetivity
small-- short wavelengths=419
medium-- med. wavelength=551
large-- large wavelengths=558
need combo of all 3 cones firing to tell us where specific colors actually fall onto color spectrum

Front 16

Small Cones

Back 16

fewest
none in center of foveal region

Front 17

Medium & Large Cones

Back 17

even amount of each, but can vary by individual.

Front 18

metamers

Back 18

colors that are perceptually similar
can be casued by different physical stimulus
530+620 and 580 can both produce same stimulus regardless of varied light
HOWEVER trichromaic theory cannot expalin the american flag (black, yellow, blue)

Front 19

Opponenet-Process Theory

Back 19

CAN explain American Flag
Hering (1800)
color vision is caused by opposing responses

Front 20

Behavioral Evidence
(Opponent-Process Theory)

Back 20

color afterimage
caused by fatigue in photoreceptors or later in visual system
BASICALLY--- photoreceptorsa are tired of firing

Front 21

Opponenet neuron Pairings (Opponet-Process Theory)

Back 21

respns in an excitatory manner to one wavelength and in an ihibitory manner to another.
possibly in LGN
3 sets of oppontent pairings

Front 22

3 sets of opponent pairings (opponenet-pairing theory)

Back 22

red/green-- M/L
yellow/ blue-- S(M/L)
black/white-- M/L (no S)
after image is caused by the chromatic adaptaion which is photoreceptors or opponent neurons

Front 23

Trichromatic VS Opponent-Processing

Back 23

Both correct! Explain differnt points of process along the visual system
Trichromatic-- retina and photoreceptors
Opponent-Process-- cells after photoreceptors and LGN

Front 24

Color Constancy

Back 24

percepion of colors is fairly consistent regardless of changing light source

Front 25

Color Constancy
Chromatic Adaptaion

Back 25

casued by prolonged exposure to chromatic color
"readjustment" of color
probly happens in retina and LGN

Front 26

Color Constancy
Color in Comparison to Surroundings

Back 26

best when objects is surrounded by many colors
*think anchoring!!

Front 27

Color Constancy
Memory and Color

Back 27

knowledge of an objects color can impact perception

Front 28

Color Constancy
Simultaneous Color Contrast

Back 28

contradicts Memory and Color
wehn surrounding and area with color, you can change the center color

Front 29

Normal Color Vision

Back 29

trichromat

Front 30

Abnormal Color Vision

Back 30

anomalous trichromat
one system of cones has an abnormal absorbtion pattern
Gender Difference: 6% more in men due to X chromosome... only have one!!

Front 31

Tetrachromat

Back 31

more common in females
One eye expresses 3 cones, one expresses 4

Front 32

Monochromat

Back 32

usually no functioning cones
only rods
truly color blind
sensetive to light
difficulty with acuity

Front 33

Dichromat

Back 33

2 out of 3 types of cones
Protonope
Dueteranope
Tritanope

Front 34

Protanope

Back 34

L missing-- red green mix up
more common in men

Front 35

Deuteranope

Back 35

M missing-- red green mix up
more common in males

Front 36

Tritanope

Back 36

S missing-- blue yellow mix up
common in females

Front 37

Unilateral Dichromat

Back 37

2 cones one eye, 3 cones other eye

Front 38

Cerebral Achrromatopia

Back 38

cortical loss of color vision
~WHAT pathway
ventral pathway damage-- occipital/temporal
there is no single pathway for color perception

Front 39

Synesthesia

Back 39

mixture of senses
unique associations
most often chromatic
~pain, taste, vision, hearing-- one can be directly associated to another, e.g, eat chicken and associate it with the color green

Front 40

Cultural Differences in Color Perception

Back 40

Not really
the classification and complexity can be atered
less evolved language= less evolved color names
black/white-red-green/yellow-yellow/green-blue-brown-purple/pink/orange/gray
color processing is due to the way colors are grouped together
as further educated, natural grouping occurs similarly to educated grouping

Front 41

Perceptual Sound

Back 41

sound is an experiance we have when we hear

Front 42

Physical Sound

Back 42

sound is pressure changes (aka vibration)

Front 43

Sound Waves

Back 43

alternating high and low pressure through the air
sound ONLTY occurs when pressure changes
sound travels through the air at 344 m/s

Front 44

Pure Tone

Back 44

a simple sin wave
measured in amplitude (diff in pressure between peaks and troughs of wave)

Front 45

Sound Pressure Level

Back 45

measured in decibles (dB)
computed from LOG of pressure ratio==log of amplitude
each 6 additional dB's is an increase is pressure
80-100dB's casues damage

Front 46

Sound Frequency

Back 46

number of cycels within a given time period
measured in Hertz (Hz)
1Hz is 1 cycle per second
range is 20-20,000Hz but depends upon dB
low sound neeeds higher dB and vise versa

Front 47

Phase Angle

Back 47

the phase of the sound wave cycle you're in
example: 2 waves identicle in frequency but PERFECTLY out of phase== silence (used in noise reduction technology)

Front 48

Ear

Back 48

3 main parts
outer, middle, inner

Front 49

Outer ear

Back 49

pinna
primary function to localize sound
Auditory canal
protects tympanic membrane
temperaure
wax
resonant frequency-- 1000-6000Hz=conventional speech

Front 50

Middle ear

Back 50

Eustachian tube
contains 3 ossicles
~mallius-moves due to tympanic membrane vibration
~incus
~stapes-transmits vibration to inner ear via oval window
Acoustic Reflex
~middle ear muscle

Front 51

Function of Ossicles

Back 51

air-air-fluid
pressure change
sound wave change from air to fluid
able to concentrate pressure change onto smaller surface area
SEE PHOTO
damage to ossicles?
need hearing aid with 10-20x more amp

Front 52

Inner ear

Back 52

semicircular canal
responsible for balance
cochlea

Front 53

cochlea

Back 53

main structure for hearing
snail shaped
fluid-filled
contains:vestibular canal, cochlea ducts, tympanic canal

Front 54

basilar membrane

Back 54

located below the cochlea ductabove tympanic canal.
movement of sound from stapes end of basilar membrane to helicotrma end of basilar membrane.

Front 55

Organ of corti

Back 55

this is where transduction occurs
it lies with the tectorial membrane above it and basilar membrane below it
contains hair cells

Front 56

Hair cells

Back 56

Inner/Outer
Oter hair cells are embedded in tectorial membrane and shear across basilar membrame when it moves. they "bounce up and own on the basilar membrane. The inner hair cells slide across basilar membrane and send a signal to the neruve attatched to the hair cell

Front 57

auditory pathway

Back 57

from cochlea to cochlear nucleus to superior olive to inferior colliculi to MGN to auditory cortex in primary auditory cortex.

Front 58

auditory cortex

Back 58

tonotopic map
low anterior
high posterior

Front 59

tinnitus

Back 59

ringing in ear
35% of ppl 2% severe
damage of cochlea
this casues no nerve signal to be sent through auditory nerve at specific site of damage, so the cortex takes over the nearby tones, causing an overstim of cortex and spontaneous neuron firing

Front 60

conductive hearing loss

Back 60

occurs before hair cells
mechanical
difficulty delivering sound stim to receptors
vibrations are not conducted from outer ear to cochlea

Front 61

sensorineural hearing loss

Back 61

damage to cochlea or auditory nerve
hair cell damage
OR
cortical hearing loss

Front 62

middle ear disorders

Back 62

otitis media
otosclerosis

Front 63

otitis media

Back 63

ear infection
blockage of eustachian tube

Front 64

otosclerosis

Back 64

calcification of the ossicles
mainly stapes
corrected by surgery

Front 65

presbycusis

Back 65

"old hearing"
loss of sensitivity to high pitches

Front 66

acoustic trauma

Back 66

one loud explosive noise
eg firework.

Front 67

noise-induced hearing loss

Back 67

permanent damage to hair cells= permanent threshold shift
can be temporary, but last for as little as 2 weeks

Front 68

PLACE theory

Back 68

Bekesy
which fibers are firing
different frequencies of vibration disrupt different places on basilar membrane
The envelope of the wave is used to find the peak of maximum displacement
place theory is less effective for low frequency sounds due to peak being too indistinguishable.

Front 69

Temporal theory

Back 69

nerve cells fire at the rate that matches the vibration.. but can only fire 1000x a second due to necessary refractory period following action potential
SO there are multiple neurons firing at once in synchrony with frequency... HOWEVER breaks down at 5000Hz and above, so not good for high frequency.

Front 70

Timbre

Back 70

a tone's sound quality
character of a sound
correspond to physical quality of complexity

Front 71

Harmonics

Back 71

pure sin waves of the complex tone
go up by multiples of 2 from fundamental tone
220-440-660-880

Front 72

Overtones

Back 72

sounds other than harmonics
anything besides fundamental frequency
440-880-1320---- 880&1320 are overtones

Front 73

missing fundamental

Back 73

play all of the harmonics except for fundamental, and the pitch still sounds the same

Front 74

cues for sound location

Back 74

binaural cues
comparison of signals to left and right ear
azimuth
plane from left to right we use to measure location

Front 75

Interaural time difference

Back 75

cues of arrival time to either ear
6ms difference

Front 76

Interaural intensity difference

Back 76

distance
intensity decreases over distance
acoustic shadow
head is a barrier to sound-- high frequency sound bounces off of head

Front 77

monaural cues

Back 77

pinna affects intensity of frequency.. sound bounces off folds in ears.

Front 78

tone chroma

Back 78

pitch class
similarity between all tones that share the same name
C,D,E,F,G,A,B
each tone come at different frequency(increased or decreased

Front 79

Simultaneous tone combos

Back 79

consonant/dissonant

Front 80

Attack

Back 80

build up of tones

Front 81

Decay

Back 81

sustained part and final release of tones

Front 82

Location

Back 82

a single sound comes from a single location
*think Gestlat common fate

Front 83

Similarity in Pitch and Timbre

Back 83

similar sounds are grouped together
eg boys choir

Front 84

SImilarity in timbre and harmonics

Back 84

Wessel effect
voices, instruments

Front 85

Proximity in time

Back 85

sounds that occur in rapid succession usually come from the same source.

Front 86

Good continuation

Back 86

sounds that stay constant or transition slowly are usually from the same source

Front 87

Effect of past experience

Back 87

familiarity with notes depends upon how we perceive it.
if two melodies occur at once, we can only perceive one at a time(think Gestalt figure ground)
also may not be able to distinguish one tune from the other until told what one is.

Front 88

Direct Sound

Back 88

reach ear straight from source

Front 89

Indirect sound

Back 89

reflected off environment THEN reaches ear

Front 90

Architectural acoustice

Back 90

concert halls (red rocks) use the reverb that naturally occurs to amplify and enrich sound.. only 2 second delay is the perfect acoustic.