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28 Cards in this Set
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the multinational union formed from the Russian Empire in 1922 and dissolved in 1991 |
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR, Soviet Union) |
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Russia and its political subunits, which include 21 internal republics |
Russian Federation |
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Region of Russia that is located east of the Ural Mountains |
Siberia |
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Semiarid, grass-covered plains |
Steppes
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Permanently frozen soul that lies just a few feet beneath the surface |
Permafrost |
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a treeless area, between the ice cap and the tree line of arctic regions, where the subsoil is permanently frozen |
Tundra |
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Subarctic coniferous forests |
Taiga |
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diffuse sources of environmental contamination, such as untreated automobile exhaust, raw sewage, and agricultural chemicals, that drain from fields into water supplies |
nonpoint sources of pollution |
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people whose way of life and economy are centered on tending grazing animals that are moved seasonally to gain access to the beset pasture |
Nomadic Pastoralists |
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group who originated between the Dnieper and Vistula Rivers in modern-day Poland, Ukraine, and Belarus |
Slavs |
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a loose confederation of nomadic pastoral people centered in East and Central Asia, who by the thirteenth century had been established by conquest an empire that stretched from Europe to the Pacific |
Mongols |
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title of the ruler of the Russian Empire |
Czar |
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a faction of Communists who came to power during the Russian Revolution |
Bolsheviks |
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an ideology, based largely on the writings of the German revolutionary, Karl Marx, that calls on workers to unite to overthrow capitalists and establish an egalitarian society where workers share what they produce |
Communism |
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usually a wealthy minority that owns the major of factories, farms, business, and other means of production |
Capitalists |
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the political organization that ruled the USSR from 1917 to 1991; other communist countries such as China, Mongolia, North Korea, and Cuba, also having riling Communist parties |
Communist Party |
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an economic system in which the state owns all lands and means of production, while government officials direct all economic activity, including the locating of factories, residences, and transportation infrastructure |
Centrally planned or Socialist Economy |
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the contest that pitted the United States and Western Europe, espousing free market capitalism and democracy, against the USSR and its allies, who were promoting a centrally planned economy and a socialist state |
Cold War |
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in Russia, those who acquired great wealth during the privatization of Russia's resources and who use that wealth to exercise great power |
Oligarchs |
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in Russia, the state owned energy company; it is the largest gas entity in the world |
Gazprom |
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an organization of eight countires with large economies: France, the US, Britain, Germany, Japan, Italy, Canada, and Russia |
Group of Eight (G8) |
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literally, "restructuring"; the restructuring of the Soviet Economic system that was done in the late 1980s in an attempt to revitalize the economy |
Perestroika |
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literally, "openness"; the policies instituted in the 1980s under Mikhail Gorbachev that encouraged greater transparency AMD openness in the workings of all levels of Soviet governments |
Glasnost |
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the sale of industries that were formerly owned and operated bu the government to private companies or individuals |
Privitization |
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the condition in which people are working too few hours to make a decent living or are highly trained but working at menial jobs |
underemployment |
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the czarist and Soviet policy of encouraging ethnic Russians to settle in non-Russian areas as a way to assert political control |
Russification |
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the mountainous region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea |
Caucasia |
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the recruiting, transporting, and harboring of people through coercion for the purpose of exploring them |
trafficking |
