Southern Politics Final Exam

Front 1

Second Great Awakening 1840s

Back 1

was a major religious movement in the U.S. that reached out to the unchurched and brought large numbers of people to a vivid experience of Christianity, fueling the rapid growth of numerous denominations, especially the Methodists, Baptists, and Disciples. It came a half century after the First Great Awakening and consisted of renewed personal salvation experienced in revival meetings.
-It generated excitement in church congregations throughout New England, the mid-Atlantic, Northwest and the South. Individual preachers such as Charles Grandison Finney, Lyman Beecher, Barton Stone, Peter Cartwright, and Asahel Nettleton became very well known as a result.

Front 2

Civil War Split, Baptists, Methodists, etc

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-Baptists and Methodists were the main protestant groups emerging from frontier in 1740's
-Baptists and Methodists eventually split during the civil war because while others such as Northerner baptist wanted to stay out of the dispute about slavery, southern baptist wanted to participate.

Front 3

Blue laws, demon rum, social gospel

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-Blue laws were enacted in the south in the 1900s to protect Sundays, it tried to keep ppl from doing non-religious activities on Sunday.Such as not buying alcohol on sundays, gambling, and horse racing.
-Religious people went on a crusades against demon rum, prostitution, they believed that liquor was evil b/c it caused men to mistreat wives. They went around enforcing the blue laws.
-Some progressive social gospel, groups try to battle child labor, better working conditions, and lynchings but had limited access.
-Blacks and whites remarkably close on religious doctrine, but strictly segregated on Sunday Morning.

Front 4

Scopes "monkey Trial"/H.L Mencken/modernism/Darwinism

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-This trial was one of the major media events of the 20th century.
-was a famous American legal case in 1925 in which a high school teacher, John Scopes, was accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which made it unlawful to teach evolution in any state-funded school.[1] The trial was deliberately staged in order to attract publicity to the small town of Dayton, Tennessee, where it was held. Scopes was unsure whether he had ever actually taught evolution, but he purposefully incriminated himself so that the case could have a defendant.
-Scopes was found guilty and fined $100, but the verdict was overturned on a technicality
-he trial set modernists, who said evolution was consistent with religion, against fundamentalists who said the word of God as revealed in the Bible took priority over all human knowledge. The case was thus seen as both a theological contest and a trial on the veracity of modern science regarding the creation-evolution controversy.
-H.L. Mencken was a reporter was known for his ar

Front 5

1928 election/Al Smith/prohibition

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Al Smith lost the 1928 election against Herbert Hoover, due to the 3 P's:Prohibition, Prejudice and prosperity.
-Prohibition was the most controversial b/c he wanted to get rid of the prohibition laws, he wanted to bring liquor back in, even though it was against

Front 6

evangelicals/ Billy Graham

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-Southern evangelicals begin to organize after WWII especially using the radio, but not heavily political, however Billy Graham became a national figure.
While spreading the gospel around the world through his signature crusades, internationally renowned evangelist Billy Graham maintained a visible and controversial presence in his native South, a region that underwent substantial political and economic change in the latter half of the twentieth century. In this period Graham was alternately a desegregating crusader in Alabama, Sunbelt booster in Atlanta, regional apologist in the national press, and southern strategist in the Nixon administration.
-In his roles as the nation's most visible evangelist, adviser to political leaders, and a regional spokesperson, Graham influenced many of the developments that drove followers and naysayers alike to place the South at the front of political, religious, and cultural trends. He forged a path on which white southern moderates could retreat from Jim Crow

Front 7

Kennedy and Houston ministers, 1960

Back 7

-John F. Kennedy's Address to the Greater Houston Ministerial Association
Houston, Texas
September 12, 1960
-Religion became a divisive issue during the presidential campaign of 1960. Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts, vying to be the nation's first Catholic president and given the opportunity before a convention of Baptist ministers, decided to try to put the issue to rest.
-His address did not please everyone: many non-Catholics remained unconvinced that a Catholic could be president without divided loyalties; and many Catholics thought he conceded too much in his profession of belief in an "absolute" separation of church and state. Whatever its political or theological merits, the speech has been widely lauded as a piece of oratorical genius and an important marker in the history of Catholicism (and anti-Catholicism) in the United States.

Front 8

Civil Rights movement/white and black churches

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The Civil Rights Movement posed problems for Southern white churches, especially the slavery question again?)
-They were not very supportive of Civil Rights was a few like Will Campbell who participated in Selma. He thought churches would lead the conflict but they didn't.
-They painted a negative picture of southern religion that those in church still was against integration.

Front 9

Roe V. Wade, 1973/ Moral Majority/ Christian Coalition

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-The rise of the Christian Right as a major political force in the South and in the Nation, and Roe v. Wade ruling made by Supreme Court in 1973 was the key event in reference to abortion and having the right of privacy.
Moral Majority and Christian Coalition group connected directly evangelical concerns, such as school prayer and the teaching of creationism, with more political concerns such as opposition to abortion and gay rights.After the Roe v. wade ruling. Since its demise, the term has become an umbrella one for groups within the US religious right.

Front 10

Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)/ Feminism/ family values

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-Women Rights movements after Roe v.Wade started backlash in the south.
-The ERA defeated with almost unanimous southern rejection
-was a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution designed to guarantee equal rights for women. The ERA was originally written by Alice Paul and, in 1923, it was introduced in the Congress for the first time. In 1972, it passed both houses of Congress and went to the state legislatures for ratification. The ERA failed to receive the requisite number of ratifications before the final deadline mandated by Congress of June 30, 1982 expired, and so it was not adopted, largely because Phyllis Schlafly mobilized conservatives to oppose the ERA.
-Political momentum changed during the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s. At the 1980 Republican National Convention, the Republican Party platform was amended to qualify its support for the ERA. The most prominent opponent of the ERA was Phyllis Schlafly, a conservative Republican.[8] Critchlow and Stachecki argue that public o

Front 11

Televangelists/ social issues/ Jerry Fallwell/ Pat Robertson

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Televangelists are emerging as major force,through social issues especially, Jerry Fallwell (a baptist pastor) and Moral Majority and later Pat Robertson (Chairman of Christian Broadcasting, also known for the 700 club that is on abc Family) and Christian Coalition.
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Front 12

Jimmy Carter/'born again'

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-In the presidency of Carter it was the first time in history, a 'true' born again Christian ran for the President, (the term born again was odd to most national media.
-Carter elected with strong evangelical support and carries the south
-immediately the honeymoon when they find out that Carter is pro-choice, Pro-ERA, anti-federal funding of religious schools.

Front 13

Reagan 1980/'I endorse you'/Republicans and Religion

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-Ronald Reagan endorsed the Christian Rights
-Ronald Reagan embraced these spiritual leaders well known within the community of faith but largely unknown by the general public and told them, "I'm not here for you to endorse me; I'm here to endorse YOU." In the elections since 1980, when this constituency was energized and turned loose, they made the difference in elections.
-Ronald Reagan was unlikely hero for Evangelical Christians, he was the total opposite of Carter. He was a actor in Hollywood, divorced, and was definitely not 'born again' however spoke their language.
-In 1980 election he carries every Southern state except Georgia which is a major turning point for power of religious right.
-Southerners stick with him 100% although disappointed about certain social issues such as abortion in 1984.

Front 14

George W. Bush/'Compassionate Conservatism'

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Bush used this trying to distance himself from the heartless people; collaborated with ministers
-It was his new administrative focus... which embraced excellence in education, tax relief and volunteerism among faith-based and community organizations.

Front 15

the politics of Color/ NAACP/ Jim Crow/ 1895 Constitution

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-Under one of several 'Rs,' Race, was one that identified the history of S.C. Race was one of the most important based on V.O Key.
- V.O Key stated the politics of color, believes that race is central in all political decisions, for example Jim Crow laws, such as the segregation of public schools and public restrooms and restaurants, and drinking fountains. Jim Crow dominated politics totally after the 1895 Constitution and before that.

Front 16

Reapportionment decisions/ Voting Rights Acts

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-Reapportionment decisions and Voting Rights Act altered political map
-Apart from upholding the Voting Rights Act of 1965, the Warren Court removed impediments to voting by striking down state poll tax and property qualifications, unreasonable residency requirements, and obstacles to putting third political parties on the ballot.

The Court also changed the makeup of state legislatures by reversing precedent and agreeing to hear legislative reapportionment cases.
-Reapportionment based on population resulted in a shift of political power away from sparsely populated rural areas to metropolitan areas.

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Regionalism/Upcountry/low country/Ben Tillman/Tillmanism

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-In Regionalism which is the second R of the identity of S.C political History, low country controlled politics before Civil War; Secession movement based in Charleston; up country had a somewhat reluctant participant.
Ben Tillman founded Clemson and Winthrop Colleges to oppose 'fancy dudes' at the Citadel and SC College (now known as USC).
-'Tillmanism' was characterized by violent white supremacy, the glorifying of farmers, and hostility toward northern business interests and the aristocratic southern leadership. The traditional interpretation claims that the movement embraced a legitimate populism that helped the rural poor (Tillman helped found Clemson University, for example), even if it was marred by racism.

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'Rule by few'/ malapportionment/small county domination

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The third SC identity is Ruled by few.
-S.C embodies 'traditional political culture; one being 'plantation' mentality, elite rule and second based on lower state, 'hereditary' politics (lawyer-doctor-merchant-planter class); Good ole boys network.
-Also there is weak executive, believe in keeping the governor in check; it results in 'board and commission' state, such as the Budget and Control Board, diffuse the power in numerous boards appointed by legislature, also weak executive beliefs is that 'strong' governor might arouse the people.
-In rule by few there is also mal-apportioned legislature which is one of V.O key's principles, it means to small counties are dominant especially those in Low-Country and weak local governments, controlled by legislature.

Front 19

'Traditional political culture'/'plantation mentality'/hereditary politics

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Traditional political culture: the set of attitudes, beliefs and sentiments which give order and meaning to a political process and which provide the underlying assumptions and rules that govern behavior in the political system,
plantation mentality: the elite rule, the worker has no say so, just do the job asked of you. You are a slave to the elite.
hereditary politics: holding a position by inheritance.
These are all key principles of 'Rule by Few' which is the third R that makes up the political history of SC

Front 20

Board and commission state/ state budget and control board

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There eventually were some changes in the politics of SC over the past half century, one was the modernization of the state government.
-Governor's office strengthened, it was long overdue, there was the restructuring of state government by Governor Campbell in 1992; the governor now gains more appointments, but 'boards and commissions' are still large.
-he functions of the State Budget and Control Board must be performed, exercised, and discharged under the supervision and direction of the board through three divisions, the Finance Division (embracing the work of the State Auditor, the former State Budget Commission, the former State Finance Committee and the former Board of Claims for the State of South Carolina),

Front 21

Baker vs Carr, 1962/ reapportionment revolution/single member district

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-there was black political development in S.C one of the major events was Baker vs Carr decision in 1962 that ended mal-apportionment of state legislatures
-Though the opinion stopped short of addressing the shape relief should take in malapportionment cases, by recognizing unequal districts as creating real and justiciable injuries, it laid the groundwork for the rapid development of the “one-person one-vote” principle. It is no coincidence that by 1964, only two years later, 26 States had reapportioned their legislative districts, three under court-drawn plans, many more under judicial pressure. By 1966 that number rose to 46 states.

Front 22

Constitutional revision/article by article/judicial reform

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The modernization of the state of government included Constitutional Revision , "article by article" especially in the judiciary
- Constitutional revisions is A project to engage the legal and other communities in revision to the 1901 Alabama Constitution and bring together in a working coalition various non-profit groups working on constitutional reform. This project is also actively working with the new Alabama Constitutional Revision Commission on revision of specific Articles of the Constitution especially in the judiciary.

Front 23

Civil Rights Act/Rise of Republican Party/ 'Tri-corner politics' 1968

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-There was a rise of the Republican party
-From 1948 to 1984 the Southern states, traditionally a stronghold for the Democrats, became key swing states, providing the popular vote margins in the 1960, 1968 and 1976 elections. During this era, several Republican candidates expressed support for states' rights, which some critics claim was a "codeword" of opposition to federal enforcement of civil rights for blacks and intervention on their behalf, including passage of legislation to protect the franchise.
-In 1968, Nixon lost a majority of southern electoral votes to George Wallace while capturing 36 percent of the black vote. His 1972 victory, both Reagan victories, and the victory of George H. W. Bush in 1988 could have been won without their carrying any Southern state
-Whites opposed the New Deal and the Civil rights movement, during and near the end of WWII blacks see a new world.

Front 24

state government restructuring/ Carroll Campbell and 'cabinet'

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Governor's office strengthened, it was long overdue, there was the restructuring of state government by Governor Campbell in 1992; the governor now gains more appointments, but 'boards and commissions' are still large.
-final legacy involved the restructuring of state government. Working with the Democratic leadership in the House of Representatives, he succeeded in reorganizing the state bureaucracy in 1993. One hundred and forty-five agencies were consolidated; thirteen of these reported directly to the governor. These latter agencies formed the nucleus of a cabinet govern-ment. For the first time in South Carolina history, the governor exercised direct control over a number of state agencies, and he could appoint and remove their leadership.

Front 25

decline of King Cotton/ urbanization/ Gov. Hollings/technical education system

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-During S.C's urbanization and industrial development, there was a decline of King Cotton and agrarian economy but not seen until the 1960s. Governor Hollings, erved as a Democratic United States Senator from South Carolina from 1966 to 2005; Hollings worked to improve the state's educational system, helping to bring more industry and employment opportunities to the state. His term in office saw the establishment of the state's technical education system and its educational television network. He also called for and achieved significant increases in teachers' salaries, bringing them closer to the regional average in 1962.

Front 26

1974 governor's race/'Pug' Ravenel/media campaign

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-Pug ravenel ran for governor in 1974 as a Democrat
-He introduced new voters into politics and raised the bar for other political hopefuls. Although his cam-paigns were not successful, Ravenel's method of using the media as an electoral tool was a first for South Carolina and changed politics within the state.

Front 27

Home Rule, 1975/decline of legislative power in counties

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-Home rule was another major modernization of the state government in S.C it was a major step in 1975, it meant that now counties can govern themselves.
-allows individual towns, cities and counties to exercise self-government as long as it stays within the boundaries of the state constitution and individual acts of the state legislature
-re free to pass laws and ordinances as they see fit to further their operations, within the bounds of the state and federal constitutions

Front 28

Strengthening of governor's office/Dick Riley/ two terms

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-another modernization of the state government was that the governor's office be strengthened, Governor Dick Riley pushed in 1980 that governors get 2 terms; during his first term.
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Front 29

1928 election/ Al Smith/ Herbert Hoover

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-The United States presidential election of 1928 pitted Republican Herbert Hoover against Democrat Al Smith. The Republicans were identified with the booming economy of the 1920s, whereas Smith, a Roman Catholic, suffered politically from anti-Catholic prejudice, his anti-prohibitionist stance, and the legacy of corruption of Tammany Hall with which he was associated.

Hoover won a landslide victory on pledges to continue the economic boom of the Coolidge years. Smith won the electoral votes only of the traditionally Democratic Southern United States and two New England States. Hoover even triumphed in Smith's home state of New York by a narrow margin.

Front 30

1936 election/ the 2/3's rule/ Democratic Convention

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-Prior to 1936, the rule for nominating candidates for President and Vice President required a two-thirds vote of the delegates. However, this rule was abolished at the 1936 Democratic Convention and conventioneers adopted a rule which provided that a majority could nominate. This would allow for candidates to more easily be nominated and would thus produce less balloting. It also began to diminish the South's clout at the convention, making it easier for Democrats to begin adopting civil rights and other liberal ideas into their platforms.

Front 31

Anti-lynching bills

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-Dyer's frican-American women, working through the National Association of Colored Women (NACW) and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), were among the first to protest lynching. During the 1920s, the Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill became the first anti-lynching bill to be voted on by the Senate. Although the Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill ultimately did not become a law, its supporters did not feel they had failed. The attention made citizens of the United States condemn lynching. In addition, money raised to enact this bill was given to the NAACP by Mary Talbert. The NAACP used this money to sponosor its federal antilynching bill that was proposed in the 1930s.
-he Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill, introduced by Representative Leonidas C. Dyer, a Republican from Saint Louis, Missouri, in the US House of Representatives in 1918, was directed at punishing lynchings and mob violence.

Lynchings were committed mostly by whites against blacks (88% of victims were black) in the South (59% of lync

Front 32

Truman Commissions/"To Secure These Rights"

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-President Harry Truman's reports on Civil Rights in 1947.
-police professionalization, federal protection of black voting rights, enforcement of antilynching laws, and an end to segregation in schools, housing, and public accommodations.

Front 33

Election of 1952/Democrats for Ike/Gov Byrnes of SC

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-In 1952, Republican nominee and military hero Dwight Eisenhower won the presidential election against Adlai Stevenson by a landslide margin. His personal popularity also allowed the GOP to do very well in the South for the time, winning several Virginia, Texas, Tennessee, and Florida. Notably, he also polled unexpectedly well in the Deep Southern state of South Carolina, where he was endorsed by Democrat Governor James F. Byrnes. Eisenhower lost South Carolina to Stevenson by less than two percentage points on election day.

So my question is, what would be the effects, short-term and long-term, of Eisenhower winning South Carolina on 1952? Had it happened, it would have been the first time a Republican had won a state in the Deep South since Reconstruction. Would it affect future political campaign strategy by either the Republicans or Democrats?
-Byrnes of SC embraces him as a 'war hero' not as a Republican.

Front 34

Kennedy-Nixon 1960/ Houston ministers and Kennedy

Back 34

This election saw Southern anger at the pro-civil rights stances of Kennedy and Nixon. Mississippi and Alabama sent uncommitted electors to the Electoral College. Eventually, these voted for Harry F. Byrd, a segregationist Democratic senator from Virginia, for president, and Strom Thurmond, segregationist Democratic senator from South Carolina, for vice-president. A faithless elector from Oklahoma voted for Byrd for president and Barry Goldwater, a Republican senator from Arizona, for vice- president.
-they were the first presidential debates held on television, and thus attracted enormous publicity. Nixon insisted on campaigning until just a few hours before the first debate started. He had not completely recovered from his hospital stay and thus looked pale, sickly, underweight, and tired. He also refused makeup for the first debate, and as a result his beard stubble showed prominently on the era's black-and-white TV screens
-The religious issue was so significant that Kennedy made a speech before the na

Front 35

Southern Coalition in Congress

Back 35

-was a union between southern Democrats (dixiecrats) and Republicans in Congress aimed at either blocking or weakening President Roosevelt's New Deal policies. The coalition controlled much of Congress' policy direction from 1937 until 1968 when many of the Dixiecrats began to switch over to the Republican Party (mainly due to the Democratic Parties support of Civil Rights).
-President Kennedy paid lip service to civil rights, but not much action; needed Southern Coalition in Congress for foreign policy measures

Front 36

Goldwater Speech in Atlanta in 1961, 'hunt where the ducks are'

Back 36

-Barry Goldwater, of Arizona, had a speech in Atlanta in 1961 that draws considerable attentions. "Go hunt where the ducks are" (Republicans are not going to get black votes, so go after the white votes)

Front 37

Goldwater acceptance speech, 1964/'Extremism in defense of liberty is no vice...'

Back 37

- his bold acceptance speech Acceptance speech by Goldwater rouses young Republicans, far right conservatives, and particularly southerners in 1964.
- stating,'extremist in defense of liberty is no vice.'

Front 38

Nixon Southern Strategy/Harry Dent/Strom Thurmond

Back 38

-Nixon's "Southern strategy" in 1968 which was masterminded by Harry Dent, aide to Strom Thurmond, holds key states against George Wallace challenge.
-of gaining political support or winning elections in the Southern section of the country by appealing to racism against African Americans.
-The strategy was successful in many regards. It contributed to the electoral realignment of Southern states to the Republican Party, but at the expense of losing more than 90 percent of black voters to the Democratic Party.
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Front 39

Watergate 1974/Jimmy Carter 1976

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-Watergate scandal in 1964 costs Republicans dearly in Congress; Nixon Resigns and is 'pardoned' by Gerald Ford. The election of Jimmy Carter in 1976, gives hope to the Democrats; moderate governors continue to be elected in the south. (ex. Dick Riley in SC)

Front 40

Reagan Democrats

Back 40

-Soon are Republicans; the two party south is fading; Republicans begin to control state legislatures and congressional delegations.
-refers to the vast sway that Reagan held over the House of Representatives during his presidency, even though the house had a Democratic majority during both of his terms even though he was a Republican.

Front 41

Christian Right/Moral Majority/Christian Coalition

Back 41

-oral Majority was a prominent American political organization associated with the Christian right. It was founded in 1979 and dissolved in the late 1980s.
-The Moral Majority was a southern-oriented organization of the Christian Right, although the Moral Majority’s state chapters and political activity extended beyond the South
-he Moral Majority was an organization made up of conservative Christian political action committees which campaigned on issues its personnel believed were important to maintaining its Christian conception of moral law,
-The Moral Majority’s headquarters were in Lynchburg, Virginia, the same city where Falwell was the presiding minister of the nation’s largest independent Baptist church, Thomas Road Baptist Church. Virginia has been a seat of Christian Right politics, being the state where the Christian Coalition’s first headquarters were established

Front 42

Freedom Summer 1964/Civil Rights Act

Back 42

-was a campaign in the United States launched in June 1964 to attempt to register as many African American voters as possible in Mississippi, which had historically excluded most blacks from voting. The project also set up dozens of Freedom Schools, Freedom Houses, and community centers in small towns throughout Mississippi to aid the local black population
-Mississippi begins to stress voter registration but it is extremely a tough fight; local officials totally in control and totally resistant.
-t raised the important issue of voting rights, reminding America that the recently-passed Civil Rights Act, which disappointed black leaders because it did not address the right to vote, was not enough

Front 43

Selma March/Voting Rights Act 1965

Back 43

The March of 1965, Selma march and resulting TV images push through Voting Right Act, it is the key to black political development.
-Due to the selma march, that outlawed discriminatory voting practices that had been responsible for the widespread disenfranchisement of African Americans in the U.S

Front 44

Show the importance of the Scopes trial to an understanding of religion in the South.

Back 44

-The scopes trial in Dayton, TN in the 1920s developed religion in Southern politics through 1960s.
-The State of Tennessee v. John Thomas Scopes and commonly referred to as the Scopes Monkey Trial, was a famous American legal case in 1925 in which a high school teacher, John Scopes, was accused of violating Tennessee's Butler Act, which made it unlawful to teach evolution in any state-funded school
-It was also known as the Monkey trial in 1925, and is known as one of the major media events of 20th Century. It highlighted the south as a different region especially with religion.
-he trial set modernists, who said evolution was consistent with religion, against fundamentalists who said the word of God as revealed in the Bible took priority over all human knowledge. The case was thus seen as both a theological contest and a trial on the veracity of modern science regarding the creation-evolution controversy.
-Mainstream Southern churches after Dayton, pulled away from 'fundamentalists' who then shunned

Front 45

Mountain Republicans

Back 45

-found in western Virginia and N.C and in Eastern Tennessee
-small enclaves in Northern and Georgia.
-

Front 46

Explain how religion is 'different' in Southern life and eventually in southern politics

Back 46

-Part of the South is known as the "Bible Belt", because of the prevalence there of evangelical Protestantism
-n the colonial and early 19th century the First Great Awakening and the Second Great Awakening transformed Southern religion. The evangelical religion was spread by religious revivals led by local lay Baptist ministers or itinerant Methodist ministers. They fashioned the nation's "Bible Belt."
-....

Front 47

Discuss the impact of the 'religious right' on the politics of the South beginning especially in the 1970s. what were the Key issues that animated the religious right?

Back 47

-The rise of the Christian right was a major political force in the South as well as in the nation.
-Key event was Roe.v Wade decision in 1973, social issues began to replace economic and foreign policy ones, the vietnam was winding down, and civil rights were never on evangelical radar.
-After the 1960s Engel vs Vitile which was based upon prayer in schools and bible reading decision; it resignated more in the south. Although during the prayer it never stated Jesus or God, and the prayer wasn't required but allowed, Supreme Court said school sponsored prayer in school was against first amendment in constitution. It was very controversial, majority of the schools in the south had prayer with the name Jesus. People kept doing it and gradually received lawsuits.
-televangelism was taking place through Pat Robertson and Jerry Fallwell.
-Because The South's biggest impact was religion, it begin to affect southern politics.
-Jimmy carter became the first born again believer, which was a statement not k

Front 48

Explain the historical position of the African American Church in Southern culture and later in Southern politics.

Back 48

when blacks came over through slavery they had some worship but they began to take on the beliefs of their masters, they eventually began to take on the religion and run with it, so as things such as desegregation and things rose up the church for african americans was the place where not only religious ceremonies took place but where political activities took place as well. That was their safe haven. They paid taxes, they protested, they fellowship all at the church. There religion was one thing that they had that gave them hope and gave them a hunger for better, that's why preachers such as martin Luther King Jr. became spokesmen against things such segregation and inequality of blacks. That's why there were things such as the voter's rights acts of 1964 and 1965 and the civils rights act of 1964 that helped shape. It was only happening mainly in the South because integration was well known in the north, due to religion and static mindsets southern culture and politics was a little different than other par

Front 49

Identify the Four R's of South Carolina politics.

Back 49

The four R's of South Carolina politics are as follows, Race, Regionalism, Rule by the Few, and Religion.
Race, by far the most important of the four, V.O key refers to them as the 'color of politics' Jim crow laws dominated politics totally after the 1895 constitution and before that as well. There was a one-party politics in 1876-1948 in the Solid South. WWII hastened the change as it did for all America, the Brown decision, mainly based on SC case in Clarendon County (poor rural African Americans made a stand. They asked for a school bus for their children, and the county denied their request. Risking retaliation, they raised the stakes and demanded that their children have the right to attend white schools.) A federal district court ruled against the plaintiffs. Their appeal reached the U.S. Supreme Court. The NAACP, and civil rights movement was a major force in the state. More moderate leadership from governor's office unlike other states. Second Regionalsim, Low country controlled politics before Ci

Front 50

Show the impact of the Goldwater campaign of 1964 on the development of the Republican party in the South.

Back 50

Barry Goldwater is the primary builder of the Republican party in the South. Goldwater is an authentic conservative almost a libertarian. He was largely unknown until the 1960s speech in Atlanta that drew a great amount of attention. Go hunting where the ducks are, meaning republicans are not going to get black votes so go after the white vote. His acceptance speech in 1964 roused young Republicans, far right conservatives and particularly southerners. The election of 1964 was a major milestone in American politics. Goldwater carries the deep south, not the border south, none of the old "mountain republican' states. The election loses in historic popular landslide but candidacy lays out the foundation for modern Republican party in the South. Although not a racist himself, Goldwater will also lead millions of disaffected democrats out of the party on the issue civil rights.
-After Goldwater in 1964 Republicans take advantage of Democratic split over Vietnam War, Strom Thurmond switches parties in 1964.

Front 51

Discuss Ronald Reagan as a factor in building support for Republican in the South.

Back 51

-election of 1980 will change political equation dramatically, Regan democrats soon are Republicans the two party south is fading, Republicans begin to control state legislatures and Congressional delegations. Evangelical Christians embrace Reagan and Republican Party. Voted for Carter in 1976 in first major political movement since rejoining the political arena, deserted Carter early on as Reagan pushed all their hot buttons. Religion becomes on of the most reliable predicators of party affiliation

Front 52

Identify the main 'sub groups of Republicans as the party expanded during the 1980s

Back 52

-disinfected democrats and mountain republicans