South America Midterm

Front 1

Bolivia's president and capital

Back 1

Evo Morales
Sucre

Front 2

Venezuela's president and capital

Back 2

Hugo Chavez
Caracas

Front 3

Colombia's president and capital

Back 3

Juan Manuel Santos
Bogotá

Front 4

Key motivations for conquest and colonialism in Latin America

Back 4

Gold
God
Glory

Front 5

Explanations for Spanish and Portuguese success in colonizing Latin America

Back 5

1) Advanced technology: ships, maps, sexton, compass
2) Majority of Native populations wiped out by disease, forced labor, and starvation
3) Political fragmentation of indigenous societies
4) Native beliefs about mortals and supernaturals - thought conquistadors were gods

Front 6

The encomienda system

Back 6

• Queen Isabella declared the Natives were her subjects
• colonial administrators were supposed to protect Natives
• gave Spanish the right to use them as laborers
• failed because of Native rebellions and fleeing to the wilderness

Front 7

The Hacienda system

Back 7

• 1700s
• low investment
• European elites given huge plots of land to be worked by peasants in exchange for food and shelter
• indebted peons = the poor Spanish or Native laborers
• system developed gender roles; used to be more equal in Native societies, now women worked in the home and men did physical labor
• wasn't productive enough so led to plantation system

Front 8

The Plantations System

Back 8

• high investment
• used slaves for massive production

Front 9

The Latifundo system

Back 9

• mid 1800s
• high investment
• after the abolition of slavery
• based off of peasant labor to work a huge amount of land
• produced one major crop for exporting

Front 10

mestizo

Back 10

Mixed blood = indigenous + European

Front 11

mulatto

Back 11

Mixed blood = European and African

Front 12

Colombian exchange

Back 12

Exchange of plants and animals between Europe and the Americas

Front 13

Neoliberalism came to be because...

Back 13

Wanted traditional (third world) societies to modernize towards being first world societies

Front 14

Modernization through...

Back 14

industrialization and market expansion

Front 15

ModernizationTheory

Back 15

• 1945 post WWII
• Bretton Woods
• thought it morally correct for wealthy countries to intervene to help poor countries
• these interventions would be good for US and Europe by creating new markets
• wanted third world countries to borrow from World Bank and IMF

Front 16

Dependency Theory

Back 16

• 1960s
• takes stance that all modernization theory does is force poor countries into dependency and exploitation

Front 17

Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI)

Back 17

• 1960 - 1980
• Call to close off national economies from global market
• poor countries should produce rather than import

Front 18

Oil Crisis

Back 18

• 1973
• OPEC = Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
• OPEC announces it will no longer sell oil to countries supporting Israel
• devastating impact on US, Europe, and many poor nations
• many Latin American nations unable to keep up with loans

Front 19

Mexico defaults

Back 19

• 1982
• Mexico defaults on IMF loan
• first time this happens with any major country

Front 20

Structural Adjustment

Back 20

• created to help countries pay back loans
• emphasized wage freeze, lowered public expenditures, increased exports
• works to prevent defaulting, but lowers standard of living

Front 21

Washington Consensus

Back 21

• 1989
• set of principles developed by economists from the US, IMF, and World Bank
• proposed market reforms, trade liberalization, deregulation, openness to investment
• ushered in age of neoliberalism

Front 22

Neoliberalism:
shift from ____ to ____
supporters argue that...
those against it say it compromises...

Back 22

• shift from inward-looking strategies of self-sufficiency to outward-looking free trade for a world market
• argues that a free market provides greater individual freedom, flexibility, and choice
• provides people with access to products and services they previously couldn't
• compromises national sovereignty

Front 23

Populism definition

Back 23

Political style the proclaims a dedication to "the people" and an "them-and-us" mentality

Front 24

Populist leaders:
characteristics of,
relies on...,
background

Back 24

• personal charisma
• skilled orator
• promise of a new world
• seek a direct bond with supporters
• rely on mass mobilization - getting supporters into the streets
• often has a military background

Front 25

Common threads in populism

Back 25

• nationalism: populists champion national culture against foreign influence
• dash for growth and income redistribution, seen as irresponsible (ignoring inflation, deficit finance, etc.)

Front 26

Bolivarian Revolution

Back 26

• by Hugo Chavez in Venezuelan
• aims for grass root involvement
• social services
• challenge international powers and neoliberalism

Front 27

Bolivarian Circles

Back 27

• smalls groups of citizens that get together to focus on community interests
• defend Venezuelan constitution

Front 28

Evo Morales and his efforts to “de-neoliberalize” Bolivia

Back 28

• Nationalization of the country's natural gas
• redistribute wealth

Front 29

2003 demonstrations in Cochabamba: origins, dynamics and implications

Back 29

• in opposition to ex-president Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada’s (Goni) proposal to build a natural gas pipeline that would export gas to the US and Mexico
• distaste for the pipeline being built through Chile
• Violent strikes involving miners, teachers, students, peasants, and trade union members
• caused Goni to resign, VP Carlos Mesa Gisbert took office
• led to a debate over a new referendum that was voted on but passed to allow gas being sold to foreign nations

Front 30

Brazil's president and capital

Back 30

Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
Brasilia

Front 31

Argentina's president and capital

Back 31

Cristina Fernández de Kirchner
Buenos Aires

Front 32

How is populism used to describe Latin American leaders?
Examples...

Back 32

?

Front 33

Clientelism

Back 33

• an exchange between politicians and voters of material private goods for votes
• personal relationships that link patrons and clients together in a system in which jobs, favors, and protection are exchanged for labor, support, and loyalty

Front 34

Clientelism as experienced by brokers and clients

Back 34

?

Front 35

Clientelism:
Patrons
Brokers
Clients

Back 35

?

Front 36

What is the gray zone?
Country?
Examples?

Back 36

the area in politics where on the surface players appear to take clear sides, but it is in fact very two sided. The same politician can publicly speak out against something, and then behind closed doors make maneuvers to make sure this thing occurs.
Argentina

Front 37

"The Peronist Way" of problem-solving
Country?

Back 37

Clientelism - giving aid to the urban poor in exchange for political support. Brokers take the "middleman" stance, developing relationships with the clients (the poor) in communicating between them and the patrons (the politicians)