Source

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•artifacts that have been left by the past - can be relics "remains" or testimonies

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Sources

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•offer a clue about the past because of the virtue of their existence .

•

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First kind of sources: relics or remains

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Example: pegs and dowels that they used before to fasten building materials shows their technical skills and artistic capacities

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•historians also compare collected artifacts from

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other places

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•oral or written reports that describe an event -simple or complex

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Testimonies

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•created for the specific purposes of the age in which they are made

•

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Relics and Testimonies

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are typically objects of practical use (historical sources)

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Relics

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• composed to provide contemporaries proof of an act or of a right or to inform about a fact

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Testimonies

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•

•intentionally or unintentionally created

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Testimonies and artifacts

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content is usually important than its form

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True

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Written sources are categorized according to a

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Triarpartite scheme.

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•split into three parts (literary, diplomatic/ juridical, social documents)

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Triarpartite scheme-

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•Sources have___ qualities.

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generic

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•Sources that are categorized as literary are presented in.

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narrative form

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to inform succeeding generations.

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oScientific tract-

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- intended to shape opinions.

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oNewspaper

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to persuade readers

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oPersonal narratives-

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For entertainment

• -to deliver moral lessons

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oNovel/ film-

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- might be written to acknowledge someone’s achievements.

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Biography

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Narrative forms vary widely

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True

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records an author’s perspective, how he/she experienced it and also his/ her ideology.

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•

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Ego documents

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•E.g diaries and memoirs

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- for historians, these are the “purest” & the “best” souces.

usually sealed or authenticated.

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Diplomatic Sources

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•Any form of legal instrument or diplomatic souces must

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be fixed.

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•It must also possess specific formal properties such as the hand or

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print style, the ink, the seal.

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Diplomatic souces is divided into three parts:

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Protocol

Content

Ecastocol

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- quite stereotype

•-

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Protocol

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the name of the author & the recepient, a salutation and an appeal to higher authority to legetimate tha legal act

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Protocol

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•- closing

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•

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Echastocol

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Diplomatic souces can also be categorized into their.

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•

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functions

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the products of record keeping (according to historians).

•-contains social, economic, political matters.

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Social Documents-

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counts as one of the most important souce for unwritten evidences.

•Such artifacts can depict a culture, ways of life and the artistic ambitions of how the people lived before.

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•

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Archaeological proof

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Even some relics which can look insignificant can provide important

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.

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informations to historians.

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• before provided historians with valuable data about the government, economic conditions, trade relations and about fiscal policy.

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cache of currency

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Historians rely heavily on

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visual presentations

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Historians rely on the ____ when it comes to pre-historic times.

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material present

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writing was invented in Mesopotamia

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3,000 B.C.E;

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•Greeks and Romans used___ extensively.

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writing

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was the beginning of domination for written communication.

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•12th Century

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•gave the people extensive and more accurate access to knowledge.

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Writing and Printing

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•Historians use a mix of

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oral, written and other

material sources.

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could be written, some are never written.

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Sources

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•could be considered as sources to some extent.

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Folk songs, monuments, stories and tales, miniatures, drawing and other visual presentations

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P

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•T.V and Radio, first broadcasts were.

•Even with tapes/recordings, information is.

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unrecorded

inaccessible

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are at risk of erasure or inaccessibility.

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•

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Computer files

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were sustained through oral acts, authenticity by means of witnessing.

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•Social relations

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rarely exhibits arbitration and social anarchy.

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Oral communication

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must be refuted by external evidence.

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•Oral source

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All cultures provide ___that are critically important.

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Oral reports

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oral reports

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Sometimes details are .Paragraph 24

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omitted

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: Getting beyond the narrative; reconstructing the historical situation.

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Hard

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aragraph 17 press and non-print press are more than a

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“purveyor of news”