Sound, Light, And Optics

Front 1

Sound waves are_____ waves which cycle through _____ and ______

Back 1

Longitudinal

Compression

Decompression

Front 2

angular frequency

Back 2

2pi/T

Front 3

Circle velocity

Back 3

V=(angular frequency)(radius of circle)

Or V= 2(pi)(R)/t

Front 4

General audible hearing for adults

Back 4

20-20,000 Hz

Front 5

Speed of sound

Back 5

v= root(B/p)

B is bulk modulus. Mediums resistance to compression

P medium density

So Speed is fastest in a solid with low density and slowest in high density gas

Front 6

Frequency is known as

Back 6

Pitch

Front 7

Doppler effect and equation

Back 7

If source and detector move towards one another then frequency sounds higher and vice versa

fprime = (f)(v +_vd)/(v-+vs)

Top part is plus over minus and botton is minus over plus.

F prime is perceived freq

F is actual frequency

Vd on top is speed of detector

Vs is speed of source

SO top sign is used when that thing is moving towards and bottom moving away. So if both are moving towards then top will be plus and bottom will be minus

Front 8

Sonic boom

Back 8

Always can hear sounds. Waves mitigate behind cuz they destructively interfere with one another

Front 9

Loudness vs intensity

Back 9

Loudness subjective

Intensity objectively measurable

Front 10

Intensity

Back 10

Power transported per unit area

I= P/A

Front 11

Standing waves

Back 11

Waves that interfere with each other and the wave appears to be standing still. Nodes are places of no displacement

Antinodes are the maximum displacement (tip of waves)

Front 12

Standing waves

Back 12

Waves that interfere with each other and the wave appears to be standing still. Nodes are places of no displacement

Antinodes are the maximum displacement (tip of waves)

Front 13

Closed boundary vs open

Back 13

Closed is a object with standing waves with boundaries at both ends (string)

Open only a boundary at one end (open pipe)

Front 14

open pipe and string standing wave wavelength and frequency

Back 14

WL = 2L/n

f = nv/2L

L length of string. V is wave speed

n is amount of antinodes on a string (count wave peaks)

And amount of nodes for open pipe

Front 15

Closed pipe f and WL

Back 15

Open in one end only

WL = 4L/n

f = nv/4L

n is number of quarter wavelength and is equal to 1,3, and 5 etc for each quarter

Front 16

Closed pipe f and WL

Back 16

Open in one end only

WL = 4L/n

f = nv/4L

n is number of quarter wavelength and is equal to 1,3, and 5 etc for each quarter

Front 17

Doppler ultrasound

Back 17

Ultrasound bounces sound waves through and back through body

Doppler determines blood flow by detecting frequency shift of stuff moving toward or away

Front 18

Spherical mirror:

concave

Convex

Lens:

Concave

Convex

Name diverging or converging

Back 18

Mirrors;

concave, converging

convex, diverging

Lens:

concave, diverging

convex, converging

Front 19

Forebrain is called the ______encephalon and divides to form_____ and _______

Back 19

Pros

Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary, pineal gland)

Telencephalon( forms cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic)

Front 20

Pet scan

Back 20

Position emission tomography

Inject radioactive sugar to view target tissue

Front 21

Equation for mirrors and lenses

Back 21

1/f= 1/o +1/i = 2/r

f focal length

o object length

i image length

r radius of curvature; distance between mirror and center of curvature if curved mirror was one big circle

Front 22

For all mirrors. Positive i (image distance) means image is_____ and _____. Negative i is _______ and ______

Back 22

In front of mirror

Real

Behind mirror

Virtual

Front 23

Magnification equation for mirrors and lenses. Explain key points

Back 23

M = -(i/o)

Dimensionless ratio of image to object so greater than one image bigger and so on.

Negative m is inverted image and positive is upright image

Front 24

What are the two rays for a concave mirror ray diagram. What do they result in if o > f

o=f and o

Back 24

One ray travels through F and reflects parallel, one travels parallel and reflects back through F

o>f Image will be larger, real, and inverted

o=f the rays will be parallel and image is at infinity

o

Front 25

Ray diagram and info for convex mirror

Back 25

Rays look complicated so memorize that image is always a virtual, upright, smaller image (think gas station mirrors)

Farther away you get the smaller the image

Focal point is on opposite side

Front 26

Where are C and F with regard to concave and convex mirrors. What is the +- of r and f?

Back 26

concave they are in same side and r and f are pos

Convex they are on opposite side so r and f are negative

Front 27

Index of refraction equation

Back 27

n=c/v

Front 28

Index of refraction equation

Back 28

n=c/v

Front 29

Critical angle eqn

Back 29

For total internal reflection

theta(c)=sin^-1(n2/n1)

this is the angle when angle 2 is 90 degrees. It needs to be a large enough angle. And. It needs to be going from larger n to smaller n

Front 30

Lens maker equation

Back 30

1/f = (n-1)(1/r1-1/r2)

This is used for lenses where thickness can’t be neglected

n is index of refraction of lens material. r1 and 2 are radius of curvature for first and second lens surface

Front 31

Rays for lens ray diagram

Concave and convex

Back 31

for convex. Parallel ray runs through F on other side, ray running through F leaves parallel

Concave, parallel passes through on a line that when traced backwards would go through F. And ray traveling to opposite F leaves parallel.

Front 32

Rays for lens ray diagram

Concave and convex

Back 32

for convex. Parallel ray runs through F on other side, ray running through F leaves parallel

Concave, parallel passes through on a line that when traced backwards would go through F. And ray traveling to opposite F leaves parallel.

Front 33

Differences and different sign conventions of lenses

Back 33

Lenses real side is opposite virtual side is same. pos i is still real and neg i is still virtual.

for r and f, just remember that diverging is negative and converging is positive just like mirrors.

Front 34

Lens power

Back 34

P=1/f measured in diopters

Front 35

Lens power

Back 35

P=1/f measured in diopters

Front 36

What are the two types of vision problems. What types of lenses do they need to correct them?

Back 36

Hyperopia, farsighted (can see distant objects clearly), needs converging lenses

myopia, nearsighted (can see close objects clearly) needs diverging lenses

Front 37

Lens power

Back 37

P=1/f measured in diopters

Front 38

What are the two types of vision problems. What types of lenses do they need to correct them?

Back 38

Hyperopia, farsighted (can see distant objects clearly), needs converging lenses

myopia, nearsighted (can see close objects clearly) needs diverging lenses

Front 39

Multiple lenses equation for lens in contact

Back 39

Behave as a single lens with f

1/f = 1/f1 ......

And P= P1......

Front 40

Lens power

Back 40

P=1/f measured in diopters

Front 41

What are the two types of vision problems. What types of lenses do they need to correct them?

Back 41

Hyperopia, farsighted (can see distant objects clearly), needs converging lenses

myopia, nearsighted (can see close objects clearly) needs diverging lenses

Front 42

Multiple lenses equation for lens in contact

Back 42

Behave as a single lens with f

1/f = 1/f1 ......

And P= P1......

Front 43

Lens not in contact (telescopes)

Back 43

m=(m1)(m2).....

Front 44

Spherical aberration

Back 44

Blurring of image periphery due to inadequate refraction from imperfect lenses and mirrors

Front 45

Spherical aberration

Back 45

Blurring of image periphery due to inadequate refraction from imperfect lenses and mirrors

Front 46

Dispersion

Back 46

Different light WL travels different speeds in different mediums. Red always on top cuz it experiences least refraction

Front 47

Single slit diffraction equation

Back 47

a sin theta= n(lambda)

a is slit width, angle is angle between center of lens and selected dark fringe

n is number of fringe and bright fringes halfway between dark ones.

Lambda WL of incident wave

Front 48

Double slit dark fringe positions

Back 48

d sintheta = (n + 1/2)lambda

d distance between the slits

n is dark fringe number

Front 49

Photoelectric effect

Back 49

High frequency light causes metal to eject electrons

Front 50

Photoelectric effect

Back 50

High frequency light causes metal to eject electrons

Front 51

Threshold frequency in photoelectric effext

Back 51

Minimum freq of light necessary to cause effect (fT)

Front 52

Maximum KE of ejected electrons in photoelectric effect equation

Back 52

Kmax= hf-W

f is freq of actual light and W is work function (hfT) minumum energy required to eject electrons

Front 53

Fluorescence

Back 53

Flourescent substances are things that will light up when exposed to UV