Soriano Notes~Chapter 4~Anatomy & Physiology

Front 1

TISSUE & TYPES

Back 1

~Groups of cells similar in structure & function

~Types:
1~Epithelial
2~Connective
3~Muscle
4~Nerve

Front 2

EPITHELIAL TISSUE FACTORS (6)

Back 2

1~Cellularity –Composed almost entirely of cells

2~Special contacts –Form continuous sheets held together by tight junctions & desmosomes

3~Polarity –Apical & basal surfaces

4~Supported by connective tissue – reticular & basal laminae

5~Avascular but innervated –Contains no blood vessels but supplied by nerve fibers

6~Regenerative –Rapidly replaces lost cells by cell division

Front 3

CLASSIFICATION OF EPITHELIA (2)

Back 3

1~Simple or stratified

2~Squamous, cuboidal or columnar

Front 4

EPITHELIA: SIMPLE SQUAMOUS & FUNCTIONS (2)

Back 4

~Single layer of flattened cells w disc-shaped nuclei & sparse cytoplasm

~Functions:
1~Diffusion & filtration
2~Provide a slick, friction-reducing lining in lymphatic & cardiovascular systems

~Present in kidney glomeruli, lining of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels & serosae

Front 5

EPITHELIA: SIMPLE COLUMNAR & FUNCTIONS (2)

Back 5

~Single layer of tall cells w oval nuclei; many contain cilia

~Goblet cells are often found in this layer

~Functions:
1~Absorption
2~Secretion

~Nonciliated type line digestive tract & gallbladder

~Ciliated type line small bronchi, uterine tubes & some regions of uterus

~Cilia help move substances through internal passageways

Front 6

EPITHELIA: PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR & FUNCTION (2)

Back 6

~Single layer of cells w different heights; some do not reach free surface

~Nuclei are seen at different layers

~Function:
1~Secretion
2~Propulsion of mucus

~Present in male sperm-carrying ducts (nonciliated) & trachea (ciliated)

Front 7

EPITHELIA: STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS & FUNCTION (1)

Back 7

~Thick membrane composed of several layers of cells

~Function:
Protection of underlying areas subjected to abrasion

~Forms external part of skin’s epidermis (keratinized cells) & linings of esophagus, mouth & vagina (nonkeratinized cells)

Front 8

EPITHELIA: STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL & COLUMNAR

Back 8

STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL:
a) Quite rare in body
b) Found in some sweat & mammary glands
c) Typically 2 cell layers thick

STRATIFIED COLUMNAR
a) Limited distribution in body
b) Found in pharynx, male urethra & lining some glandular ducts
c) Also occurs at transition areas between 2 other types of epithelia

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EPITHELIA: TRANSITIONAL

Back 9

~Several cell layers, basal cells are cuboidal, surface cells are dome shaped

~Stretches to permit distension of urinary bladder

~Lines urinary bladder, ureters & part of urethra

Front 10

EPITHELIA: GLANDULAR

Back 10

~A gland is one or more cells that makes & secretes an aqueous fluid

~Classified by:
a) Site of product release –Endocrine or exocrine
b) Relative # of cells forming gland –Unicellular or multicellular

Front 11

ENDOCRINE GLANDS

Back 11

~Ductless glands that produce hormones

~Secretions include amino acids, proteins, glycoproteins & steroids

Front 12

EXOCRINE GLANDS

Back 12

~More numerous than endocrine glands

~Secrete their products onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities

~Ex. mucous, sweat, oil & salivary glands

~Only important unicellular gland is goblet cell

~Multicellular exocrine glands are composed of a duct & secretory unit

Front 13

MULTICELLULAR EXOCRINE GLANDS CLASSIFIED BY (2)

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1~Simple or compound duct type

2~Structure of their secretory units

Front 14

GOBLET CELL STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF MULTICELLULAR EXOCRINE GLANDS MODES OF SECRETION

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1~Merocrine –Products are secreted by exocytosis (Ex. pancreas, sweat & salivary glands)

2~Holocrine –Products are secreted by rupture of gland cells (Ex. sebaceous glands)

Front 15

CONNECTIVE TISSUE & TYPES (4)

Back 15

~Found throughout body

~Most abundant & widely distributed in primary tissues

TYPES:
1~Connective tissue proper
2~Cartilage
3~Bone
4~Blood

Front 16

FUNCTIONS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE (4)

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1~Binding and support

2~Protection

3~Insulation

4~Transportation

Front 17

CHARACTERISTICS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE (3)

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1~Mesenchyme as their common tissue of origin

2~Varying degrees of vascularity

3~Nonliving extracellular matrix, consisting of ground substance & fibers

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STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE (3)

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1~Ground substance –Unstructured material that fills space between cells

2~Fibers – Collagen, elastic or reticular

3~Cells –Fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts & hematopoietic stem cells

Front 19

GROUND SUBSTANCE

Back 19

~Interstitial (tissue) fluid

~Adhesion proteins –Fibronectin & laminin

~Proteoglycans –Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

~Functions as a molecular sieve through which nutrients diffuse between blood capillaries & cells

Front 20

FIBERS (3)

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1~Collagen –Tough; provides high tensile strength

2~Elastic –Long, thin fibers that allow for stretch

3~Reticular –Branched collagenous fibers that form delicate networks

Front 21

CELLS (5)

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1~Fibroblasts –Connective tissue proper

2~Chondroblasts –Cartilage

3~Osteoblasts –Bone

4~Hematopoietic stem cells –Blood

5~White blood cells, plasma cells, macrophages & mast cells

Front 22

AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE: MODEL CONNECTIVE TISSUE: EMBRYONIC

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~Mesenchyme –Embryonic connective tissue
a) Gel-like ground substance w fibers & star-shaped mesenchymal cells
b) Gives rise to all other connective tissues
c) Found in embryo

Front 23

CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER: LOOSE

Back 23

1~Areolar connective tissue
a) Gel-like matrix w all 3 connective tissue fibers
b) Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells & some white blood cells
c) Wraps & cushions organs
d) Widely distributed throughout body

2~Adipose connective tissue
a) Matrix similar to areolar connective tissue w closely packed adipocytes
b) Reserves food stores, insulates against heat loss & supports & protects
c) Found under skin, around kidneys, within abdomen & in breasts
d) Local fat deposits serve nutrient needs of highly active organs

3~Reticular connective tissue
a) Loose ground substance w reticular fibers
b) Reticular cells lie in a fiber network
c) Forms a soft internal skeleton or stroma that supports other cell types
d) Found in lymph nodes, bone marrow & spleen

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CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER: DENSE IRREGULAR

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~Irregularly arranged collagen fibers w some elastic fibers

~Major cell type is fibroblasts

~Withstands tension in many directions providing structural strength

~Found in dermis, submucosa of digestive tract & fibrous organ capsules

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CONNECTIVE TISSUE: HYALINE CARTILAGE

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~Amorphous, firm matrix w imperceptible network of collagen fibers

~Chondrocytes lie in lacunae

~Supports, reinforces, cushions & resists compression

~Forms costal cartilage

~Found in embryonic skeleton, end of long bones, nose, trachea & larynx

Front 26

CONNECTIVE TISSUE: FIBROCARTILAGE CARTILAGE

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~Matrix similar to hyaline cartilage but less firm w thick collagen fibers

~Provides tensile strength & absorbs compression shock

~Found in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis & in discs of knee joint

Front 27

CONNECTIVE TISSUE: BONE (OSSEOUS TISSUE)

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~Hard, calcified matrix w collagen fibers found in bone

~Osteocytes are found in lacunae & are well vascularized

~Supports, protects & provides levers for muscular action


~Marrow inside bones is site of hematopoiesis

Front 28

CONNECTIVE TISSUE: BLOOD

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~Red & white cells in a fluid matrix (plasma)

~Contained within blood vessels

~Functions in transport of respiratory gases, nutrients & wastes

Front 29

NERVOUS TISSUE

Back 29

~Branched neurons w long cellular processes & support cells

~Transmits electrical signals from sensory receptors to effectors

~Found in brain, spinal cord & peripheral nerves

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MUSCLE TISSUE: SKELETAL

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~Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells w obvious striations

~Initiates & controls voluntary movement

~Found in skeletal muscles that attach to bones or skin

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MUSCLE TISSUE: CARDIAC

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~Branching, striated, uninucleate cells interlocking at intercalated discs

~Propels blood into circulation

~Found in walls of heart

Front 32

MUSCLE TISSUE: SMOOTH

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~Sheets of spindle-shaped cells w central nuclei that have no striations

~Propels substances along internal passageways (Ex. peristalsis)

~Found in walls of hollow organs

Front 33

TISSUE TRAUMA

Back 33

~Causes inflammation, characterized by:
a) Dilation of blood vessels
b) Increase in vessel permeability
c) Redness, heat, swelling & pain

Front 34

EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES: MUCOUS MEMBRANE

Back 34

1~Mucous –Lines body cavities open to exterior
(Ex. digestive & respiratory tracts)

2~Serous –moist membranes found in closed ventral body cavity

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EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES: CUTANEOUS MEMBRANE

Back 35

~Cutaneous-Skin

Front 36

EPITHELIAL MEMBRANES: SEROUS MEMBRANES TISSUE REPAIR (4)

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1~Organization and restored blood supply(blood clot is replaced w granulation tissue)

2~Regeneration & fibrosis(Surface epithelium regenerates & scab detaches)

3~Fibrous tissue matures & begins to resemble adjacent tissue

4~Results in a fully regenerated epithelium w underlying scar tissue

Front 37

DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS

Back 37

~Primary germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm & endoderm
a) Layers of cells formed early in embryonic development
b) Specialize to form 4 primary tissues

~Nerve tissue arises from ectoderm

~Muscle, connective tissue, endothelium, and mesothelium arise from mesoderm

~Most mucosae arise from endoderm

~Epithelial tissues arise from all 3 germ layers