Sophomore- Biology Chapter 8 Vocab

Front 1

an ordered sequence of events in the life of a dividing eukaryotic cell, composed of mitosis (M) and interphase growth and DNA synthesis phases (G1, S, and G2)

Back 1

cell cycle

Front 2

the process that distributes a copt of each chromosome to each new cell during eukaryotic cell division

Back 2

mitosis

Front 3

the parts of the eukaryotic cell cycle between cell divisions consisting of growth and DNA synthesis phases G1, S, and G2

Back 3

interphase

Front 4

the first growth phase of the cell cycle starting just after DNA synthesis

Back 4

G1 phase

Front 5

the second growth phase of the cell cycle beginning after DNA synthesis

Back 5

G2 phase

Front 6

synthesis of DNA; the phase of the cell cycle duringwhich DNA, in the form of chromosomes, is duplicated

Back 6

S

Front 7

mitosis; the phase of the cell cycle during which mitosis (nuclear division) occurs

Back 7

M

Front 8

resisting stage of the cell cycle in which DNA replication and cell division stop

Back 8

G0 phase

Front 9

a point of no return in the cell cycle; once this point passes, a cell is committed to a full round of teh cell cycle

Back 9

restiction point

Front 10

the division of a cell's nucleus, as in mitosis and meiosis

Back 10

nuclear division

Front 11

the division of the cytoplasm of a cell after nuclear division

Back 11

cytokinesis

Front 12

specific sequence of DNA at which DNA synthesis begins

Back 12

replication origins

Front 13

an enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of a new DNA strand using one of the original strands as a template

Back 13

Dna polymerase

Front 14

a complex of DNA polymerase and other enzymes that catalyzes the synthesis of DNA

Back 14

Replisome

Front 15

the basic package of chromatin in eukaryotes made up of DNA wound around a core of histone proteins

Back 15

nucleosome

Front 16

in eukaryotes, the chromosonal material (DNA and associated proteins) as it ordinarily appears in a cell's nucleus, with individual chromosomes indistinct

Back 16

chromatin

Front 17

a structural change in a gene, a chromosome, or another genetic unti

Back 17

mutation

Front 18

causing changes, or mutations, in DNA

Back 18

mutagenic

Front 19

a DNA-repair process where enzymes remove a damaged portion of DNA, synthesize a replacement section in place, and attach it to the neighboring DNA segments

Back 19

excision repair

Front 20

the replicated copies of a chromosome that are joined by a centromer and that separate during nuclear division

Back 20

sister chromatins

Front 21

the specialized region of chromosome that holds two replicated chromosomal strands together and that attatches tot he spindle in mitosis

Back 21

centromere

Front 22

separation of the sister chromatids during mitosis in which each new nucleus receives one copy of each chromosome

Back 22

chromosome segregation

Front 23

having a number of chromosomes separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell

Back 23

aneuploid

Front 24

structure made up of microtubules and proteins, divides the chromatids during nuclear division

Back 24

mitotic spindle

Front 25

a dislike structure on the cetromere; links chromosomes to the mitotic spindle

Back 25

kinetochore

Front 26

the stage in mitosis and meiosis in which chromosomes move to the center of the spindle, and array of microtubules, and become attatched to it

Back 26

metaphase

Front 27

during nuclear division, an imaginary plate that is equidistant between the spindles's two poles

Back 27

metaphase plate

Front 28

the stage in cell division in which chromosomes separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell

Back 28

anaphase

Front 29

the final stage in mitosis, meiosis I, and meiosis II characterized by two new nuclei forming at opposite ends of the cell; frequently followed by cytokinesis (cell division)

Back 29

telophase

Front 30

a group of proteins whose function is to regulate the progression of a cell through the cell cycle and whose concentrations rise and fall throughout the cell cycle

Back 30

cyclins

Front 31

the spread of cancer cells from tehir original site to other parts of the body, forming new tumors at distant sites

Back 31

metastasis

Front 32

gene that regulates cell division in eukaryotic cells; mutations in these can produce oncogenes, genes having th epotention to produce changes in cellular metabolism, leading to cancerous growth

Back 32

proto-oncogenes

Front 33

a gene that inhibits the growth of tumors; deletion or inactivation of such a gene can result in cancer

Back 33

tumor suppressors

Front 34

an abrupt halt in the cell cycle when proteins detect mistakes or damage in DNA that needs to be repaired

Back 34

cell-cycle arrest