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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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sex
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bioligicaly male or femlae. xx or xy
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gender
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what society determines as a male or female trait
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similarities approach
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beta bias
men are alike intellectually and socially. difference due to nurture. |
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social constructionism
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individuals and cultures construct their own versions of reality based on their own previous experiences and beliefs
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differences approach
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alpha bias
argues men and women are different. |
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essentialismt
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gender is a basic stable character that resides within each of us. women are more nurturing etc.
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early women pyschologists
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mary calkins
marget washburn prosser and howard |
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mary calkins
marget washburn prosser and howard |
1. went to harvard, never got degree
2. 1st awarded phD 3. 1st blacks to get phD in psych |
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how many psych phDs given to women
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2/3
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years of women presidents of APA
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1905/1921
wouldnt happen again until 1971 |
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early years of researching women.
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known as womanless psychology
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wolley and hollingsworth
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hollingsworth proved that women could peform while on their period.
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1960s womens movement created:
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equal pay act, the feminine mystique, formation of natl org for women
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# of volumes on women 1990-01
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69641
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stereotypes
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beliefs we associate upon a group of people. often unrealistic overrepresentations. can be partially true
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prejudice
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when you have an attitude or emotion towards a group of people that is negative.
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discrimination
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when you act upon that dislike aka prejudice by not marrying or talking or hiring someone based on gender or racial reasons etc.
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you are gender biased when...
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you have all 3 things. a stereotype, have a prejudice and discriminate
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societal level orgins of views on women
in history... |
women were left or their names were changed
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philosophy view
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many big time scientists, researchers, even psychologists thought that women were more likely to lie, serve as to help and be useful to men, or as napoleon said to be slaves to men.
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religion and mythology opinions
adam and eve |
eve was created from adams rib. eve gives into tempation and leads adam to sin.
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in judaism
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there is a prayer that in part says blessed art thou...that i was not born a woman.
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a letter to st paul in christianity
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said women should be subbordinate to men and silent in church as law says.
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yin and yang
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women side is the same side as yin, darkness.
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japanese beliefes
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women are dirty as they bleed nastiness during period.
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islam
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mohammed belived in sex equality, but his successors definitely did NOT.
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hinduism
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woman is defined in terms of husband. if not married, she is not identifiable.
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women as evil
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leading men into pandoras box. story figures of women cast spells, or drink mens blood.
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masculine generic language
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masculine pronouns often refer to all human beings
garbage man, mankind, etc |
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spotlighting
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when you emphasize the sex of the person when speaking. "the lady doctor" or the hairdresser, who by the way is male.....
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suffixes for female terms
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male is usually the root word.
bachelor=bachelorrete. lion-lioness steward-stewardess |
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parallel negative terms
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words that are comparable, but the female version is bad. master is a good thing, but a mistress is a slut. being a bachelor is great, ur a stud. but a slut is bad.
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childlike terms
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females referred to as baby or hunnie or sweetie in business situations.
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feminist belief
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men and women should have the same equal rights. political, healthcare and economic.
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liberal type
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want laws passed and reduction of gender roles.
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cultural type
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emphasize positive qualities that women give to culture.
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socialist type
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reflect that inequality is rooted primarily in economic inequality.
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radical type
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belive problem is deep within sex and gender system rather than superficial policies or law.
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women of color feminist
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belive that many feminists fight for issues of the white women. so they fight for all women.
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women are basically serving to improve the lives of other people with the way marriage is currently designed
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radical
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want laws past to guarantee women rights to be educated the same as men
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liberal
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because women are more peaceful than men, we should organize our culture better to create a more peaceful society.
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cultural
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basic research steps
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1. design study
2. select representative participants 3. select topic based on personal interests or gender assumptions on aggression etc. 4. formulate hypothesis (nature vs nurture) |
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views on women through media: invisibility of women in media
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news-report 20% of news if economic, political or international.
women only have opinion columns of 10-28% entertainment, 3 out 4 characters in G rated films were male. only 3 films won best picture 1965-01 where women were main characters. |
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views on women through media:
underrepresentation of specific groups of women |
latinos, asians, native americans. when shown they are highly stereotypical.
under age 25. women over 50 praised for how they hide their age. wrinkles and silver hair are good for man but bad for a woman. |
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views on women through media:
portrayal of gender based social roles |
even today, men are found to be the worker role, while the women take care of the kids more. women are still shown to hold less leadership positions.
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views on women through media: depiction of female communion and male agency
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commercials use male voice 70-90% of the time to show expertise. men are shown to fail in the home setting. but boys are more more assertive and powerful overall.
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views on women through media:
emphasis on female sexuality |
women are defined by the media by much more then men. women have to be sexy! 1/3 of playboy centerfolds meet WHO standard for anorexia.
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content of stereotypes-
communion and agency |
communion is the concern for one's relationship with others. how warm one is for another.
agency is the concern for one's own self interests and ability to perform tasks. |
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power inbalance between men and women
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women with agentic traits(typically more valued) are disliked as they offset balance of power.
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reasons for stereotyping:
social categorization |
helps us categorize everyone into an us vs them type grouping.
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reasons for stereotyping:
social identity theory |
you identify with your group. we categorize we identify we compare
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reasons for stereotyping:
social role theory |
stem from association with domestic and employee role. roles override gender. if male is the only father he is the defininition of nurturing.
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social role theory definition from the web
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due to societal expectations, womena nd men take on the roles they are expected to.
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women defined by relationship to a man
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women changes her name.
women titles signify relationship to a man. |
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women that keep surname are...
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viewed as agentic and negatively.
however most women that keep name are doctors or have a good reputation. |
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Gender Self conceptual believe
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conceptual belief you hold regarding your gender and where u fit in.
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development of gender ages 2-3
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children 1st realize they have different genatalia.
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transgender
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identification of their own gender is inconsistent with reproductive gender.
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conception
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get 23 chromosomal pairs from each parent
dad determines sex by giving an x or y gonads created, either testes or ovaries. |
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once internal gonads created, hormones are responsible for the rest of creation.
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androgen for men(basically this stops female parts from being formed)
estrogen. fully produces boobs, wide hips, etc. everyone has bits of both. |
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internal reproductive organs
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mullerian ducts
wolffian ducts |
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mullerian ducts
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uterus, fallopian tubes, and upper vagina
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wolffian ducts
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vas deferns, seminal vesicles, and prostate
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external developments for both men and women
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XX-penis and scrotum
XY-labia, clitoris, and vaginal opening |
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intersexuality
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2% of population are intersexed.
when biologically not completely male or female. |
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turner syndrom
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XO. male doesnt give either an x or a y.
will externally look like a girl, but when puberty hits there is no full development and is largely unknown until then. |
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X chromosome
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gives survival genes, no such thing as an OY.
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CAH congenital adrenal hyperplasia
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excess of androgen in normal female creates large clitoris resembling small penis. cut off at birth.
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5 alpha reductase deficiency
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genetic male who doesnt grow a penis. at age 12 a penis grows. but has already been raised a girl. most switch to becoming a man.
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androgen insensitivity syndrome
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androgen produced by male is normal but not recognized by body. therefore female externalities are not prevented. labeled a girl
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psychoanalytic theory for gender typing
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freud
age 3-6 you develop interest in opposite sex parent as they dont have what u have. |
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oedipus complex
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mommys boy, competes with father. realizes cannot compete and wants to become like father to win a girl like his mother.
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electra complex
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daddys girl
suffers from penis envy. they blame mothers for not having one. |
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social learning theory
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mischel
you learn gender related behaviors through observation. also through reinforcement and punishment. |
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inteons peterson reddel hospital phone study
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80% response to new birth--"is it a boy or girl"
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reasons for male preference at birth
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can inherit business in some culture
can perform physical labor can protect family can carry on family name |
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avg male to female birth rate
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WORLDWIDE
105 to 100 |
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india
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traveling sonograms, dr can abort a girl
108-100 avg 120-100 rural(where work needed) |
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vietnam
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110-100 avg
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china
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many families will pay tax for having more than 1 child until they get a male. poor families cannot due this so many are aborted.
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china(cont)
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120-110 avg
130-100 rural |
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abortion in asia as a whole has caused a shortage of
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167M girls.
china and india responsible for 80M |
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Turkey
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girls are seen as guests in home as they grow up and leave.
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worldwide death rates for women
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women get fed less, less vaccines, breast fed less.
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UN reports increases in
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social unrest and trafficking of women. soon poor males will not be able to mate.
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strangers and parents ttreat the baby based on being a boy or girl
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person also in wrong if call baby the wrong sex.
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plant '00 baby crying test
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if told name was brian-baby was angry
if told name was karen-baby was just sad |
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gender typed activities
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toys
chores way spoke to(girls talked to about emotions more) level of independence(boys can do more) |
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boys more discoraged from inappropriate gender typed behavior because
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this is gay. girls that mow the yard arent viewed as gay.
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when child is inappropriate...what happens at school
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peer rejection. in lunchroom gender segregation will occur.
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menarche
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1st period. avg 12yrs old.
mother sets the tone of how to be a woman for the rest of her life based on her reaction. |
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PMS
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stands for premenstral syndrome. happens a few days before period.
no operational explanation as to why happens. |
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symptoms of PMS
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acne, irritability, bloating, boobs tender, horniness, etc.
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only blank percent of women have really strong symptoms. also why do women blame pms
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women dont want to be viewed as bitches so they blame it on pms. only 5% have strong symptoms.
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doctors office hair clip vs tampon falling out of purse test.
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viewers viewed tampon falling out as that the girl was way less likeable and incompetent.
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