Somatoform Disorders

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Cognitive appraisal

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an individuals subjective perception of a potentially stressful event that weighs the events potential threat against resources for managing the vent

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Stressors

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stressful events, ranging from minor annoyances to traumatic experiences

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Life events

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life changes both positive and negative that require adaptation

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Social readjustment rating scale

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a scale used to rate stress by quantifying the amount of adaptation required by a variety of life events

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Chronic stress

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ongoing stress related to difficult everyday life circumstances such as poverty or long term family strife

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Daily hassles

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minor stresses of everyday life

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Prospective study

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research based on data that are collected as the vents being studied are occurring, rather than recalling them retrospectively

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Catastrophes

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extreme and unusual negative events that invariably cause significant stress

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Trauma

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an emotionally overwhelming experience in which there is a possibility of death or serious injury to oneself or a loved one

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Posttraumatic stress disorder

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significant posttraumatic anxiety symptoms occurring more than one month after a traumatic experience

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Psychophysiological disorders

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physical disorders caused by or exacerbated by stress of emotional factors

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General Adaptation Syndrome

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according to some theories, a three stages response… alarm resistance, exhaustion…. That occurs when animals are faced with chronically stressful circumstances

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Pscyhoneuroimmunology

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a field that investigates the interaction between emotional phenomena and immune system functioning

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Viral challenge studies

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studies in which research participants are deliberately exposed to an infections agent in order to asses immune system response

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Antigens

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foreign substances such as viruses or bacteria that typically trigger an immune system response

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Immunosupression

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subnormal functioning of the immune system

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Hypertension

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chronically elevated blood pressure

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Essential hypertension

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hypertension for which no physiological cause can be found

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Asthma

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a medical condition in which the airways to and from the lungs become periodically constricted

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Migraine headaches

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painful headaches that result from the constriction of blood vessels in the cranium and are often heralded by extreme sensitivity to light and sound, dizziness, nausea or vomiting

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Cancer

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a disease characterized by the uncontrolled growth of malignant cells in parts of the body

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John Henryism

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an active coping style fueled by the belief that any environmental obstacle can be overcome with enough hard work and persistence.

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Pessimism

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in cognitive terms the tendency to make internal, global, and stable explanations of negative events…. Associated with depression and poor health

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Optimism

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in cognitive terms, the tendency to make external specific and unstable explanations of negative events associated with good health

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Repressive coping

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a coping style characterized by general suppression of negative emotions

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Relaxation training

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training people how to calm themselves by regulating their breathing and attending to bodily sensations

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Biofeedback training

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training people to attend and to partially control autonomic physiological functions with the help of visual feedback

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Cognitive-behavioral stress management

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an intervention designed to enhance or maintain adaptive coping strategies and decrease maladaptive coping strategies

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Somatoform disorders

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disorders in which physical symptoms are caused by psychological factors

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Malingering

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the act of purposely feigning illness in order to get out of an obligation

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Factitious disorders

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physical disorders that are intentionally produced or faked because the person wants to be perceived as sick

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Hysteria

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conversion disorder… syndrome of symptoms that appear to be neurological but do not have a neurological cause.

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Conversion Disorder

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specific symptoms or deficits in voluntary motor or sensory functions with no physiological cause

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Somatization disorder

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recurrent pain =, gastrointestinal, sexual, and pseudoneurological, symptoms without a physiological cause

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Pain Disorder

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physical pain without a physiological cause

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Hypochondriasis

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preoccupation with the fear of contracting, or the mistaken idea that one has, a serious disease

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Body dysmoprhic disorder

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preoccupation with an imagined or exaggerated defect in physical appearance

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Primary Gain

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in psychodynamic terms, the relief of anxiety that occurs when an emotional conflict is converted into a physical symptom

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Secondary Gain

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in psychodynamic terms, the desired attention and concern from others that results from the ‘sick role’

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Regression

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a defense mechanism that involves a return to childlike behavior in order to avoid anxieties associated with progressive development

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Amplification

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the magnification of minor physical sensations such as in people with hypodhondriasis

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Exposure and response prevention

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a behavioral intervention in which clients are encouraged to confront a frightening thought or situation and then prevented from engaging in anxiety-reducing behaviors

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Comorbididty

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the presence of two or more disorders in one person, or a general association between two or more different disorders.

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Autosugestive disorder

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disorder in which individuals convince themselves through a process akin to self-hypnosis that they have lost some form of physical functioning.