Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
|
|
|
|
Aerobic gram-positive rod
Large, end-to-end rod chains; spores Anthrax; bioterrorism |
Bacillus anthracis
|
|
|
Aerobic gram-positive rod
Two forms: vegetative cell and spore Food poisoning through toxins (not infection) produced prior to consumption |
Bacillus cereus
|
|
|
Aerobic gram-positive rod
Food poisoning Cells look like broken sticks Transmission by respiratory droplets diphtheria |
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
|
|
|
Aerobic gram-positive rod
Can grow at wide range of temps Food-borne infection |
Listeria monocytogenes
|
|
|
Anaerobic spore-forming gram-positive rod
Neurotoxin production results in food poisoning/disease Commonly isolated in soil and water Spores contaminate food and produce neurotoxin in anaerobic conditions |
Clostridium botulinum
|
|
|
Anaerobic spore-forming gram-positive “rod”
Characteristic tennis racket shape due to terminal endospore Results from deep puncture wounds that are contaminated with spores which germinate and release toxins. Spastic paralysis: Tetanus (lockjaw) is result of neurotoxin release |
Clostridium tetani
|
|
|
Anaerobic spore-forming gram-positive rod
Not motile Hemolytic and produces several toxins Spores are important in spread; through open wounds and ingestion Causes soft-tissue infections and infections |
Clostridium perfringens
|
|
|
Aerobic spore-forming gram-positive rod
Associated with prior antibiotic use and chemotherapies that kill normal flora in the large intestine. |
Clostridium difficile
|
|
|
Gram-positive cocci (clusters)
Coagulase-positive; mannitol fermentation-positive Most pathogenic species of its genus Transmitted by direct contact or fomites Causes disease due to toxin production or through direct invasion and destruction of tissue |
Staphylococcus aureus
|
|
|
Gram-positive cocci (clusters)
Coagulase-negative; mannitol fermentation-negative Ubiquitous on human skin Opportunistic; cause infections on implanted medical devices |
Staphylococcus epidermidis
|
|
|
Gram-positive cocci (clusters)
Coagulase-negative; mannitol fermentation-positive Novobiocin resistant Common inhabitant of GI tract Common cause of UTI’s |
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
|
|
|
Gram-positive cocci (chains)
Beta-hemolytic; sensitive (not resistant) to bacitracin “Group A” Colonizes oropharynx Transmitted by respiratory droplets pharyngitis |
Streptococcus pyogenes
|
|
|
Gram-positive cocci (chains)
Beta-hemolytic; CAMP positive, hippurate hydrolysis “Group B” Colonizes the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts Transmission to neonates can occur in utero or at birth Most common cause of meningitis, pneumonia and sepsis in neonates |
Streptococcus agalactiae:
|
|
|
Gram-positive cocci (chains)
Alpha-hemolytic; Bile soluble, optochin (P disc) sensitive Clinical specimens often appear as a lancet-shaped or bullet shaped diplococcus Lung infections usually occur following diminished immunity (i.e. Viral infection) Most common cause of typical pneumonia and meningitis |
Streptococcus pneumoniae
|
|
|
Both are gram-positive cocci
Common cause of nosocomial (hospital acquired) infections Usually alpha or non-hemolytic; catalase negative Can be lancet/bullet shaped diplococci (but can survive in bile Resistant to optochin |
Enterococcus faecalis and
E. faecium |
|
|
Gram-negative cocci
Kidney bean-shaped, oxidase positive diplococci Produce lipooligosaccharide Acid via oxidation of carbohydrate: glucose only Requires chocolate or Thayer-Martin agar Transmitted by sexual contact or through vaginal delivery |
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
|
|
|
Gram-negative cocci
Kidney bean-shaped, oxidase positive diplococci Produce lipooligosaccharide Acid via oxidation of carbohydrate: glucose and maltose Requires blood or chocolate agar Transmission by respiratory droplets Common cause of community-acquired meningitis |
Neisseria meningitidis
|
|
|
Enteric gram-negative rod
Motile, ferments lactose and glucose, oxidase-negative Normal flora in GI tract (but can cause serious infections if enters blood stream) Infection via spread from rectum to urethra; ingestion UTI, diarrhea |
Escherichia coli
|
|
|
Enteric gram-negative rod
Motile, ferments glucose but not lactose, oxidase-negative, produce H2S gas Infection from consumption Large dosage required Dysentery (frequent, mucousy stools) |
Salmonella enterica
|
|
|
All enteric gam-negative rods
Causes typhoid fever/paratyphoid fever (enteric fever) Lactose negative, motile, H2S positive Infection following ingestion of contaminated food or water Low numbers can cause infection |
Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi A, Salmonella schottmuelleri (S. paratyphi B),
Salmonella hirschfeldii (S. paratyphi C) |
|
|
Enteric gram-negative rods
Do not ferment lactose or produce H2S gas; not motile Very few organisms needed to cause infection (100-200) Outbreaks common in daycares or situations where fecal-oral spread is common Dysentery, fever, diarrhea |
Shigella sp.
|
|
|
Enteric gram-negative rods
Increased metabolic activity at low temps (4 degrees celsius) - important cause of food-borne disease Ingestion of contaminated foods Enterocolitis: diarrhea, fever and abdominal pain |
Yersinia enterocolitica
|
|
|
Enteric gram-negative rods
Causative agent of cholera Comma-shaped, oxidase positive Associated with contaminated salt-water Produces LPS Infection via contaminated food (seafood); fecal-oral spread Symptoms vary; asymptomatic to mild to severe diarrhea resulting in extreme dehydration |
Vibrio cholerae
|
|
|
Enteric gram-negative rods (small comma, S or seagull shaped)
Motile, not able to ferment or oxidize carbohydrates Requires special media, elevated temperatures, reduced O2, increased H2, and increased CO2. Most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in US Animals serve as resevoirs; ingestion of contaminated foods Dysentery, diarrhea |
Campylobacter sp.
|
|
|
Enteric gram-negative rods (spiral-shaped)
Motile through corkscrew motion Do not ferment or oxidize carbohydrates Adapted to survival in acidic environment of stomach Common in developing countries Transmission via fecal-oral route Causes gastritis, gastric and duodenal ulcers and gastric adenocarcinoma |
Helicobacter pylori
|
|
|
Enteric pleomorphic anaerobic gram-negative rods
Growth is stimulated by the addition of bile Common cause of endogenous infection Normal in most people, prevents invasion of pathogens and aids in digestion; infection usually associated with contamination of normally sterile tissues (peritoneum, lungs). GI surgeries are also common causes. |
Bacteroides fragilis
|
|
|
Nonenteric gram-negative small, pleomorphic rods
Rapidly identified by latex agglutination Does NOT grow on blood agar plates and requires the addition of X (hemin) and V (NAD) factors for growth- unless Staphylococcus aureus is also on plate Will grow on chocolate agar plates Commonly inhabit upper respiratory tract; transmission occurs through contact with respiratory secretions |
Haemophilus influenzae
|
|
|
Nonenteric gram-negative, short coccobacilli in tissue (but pleomorphic on artificial media)
Requires cysteine and iron for growth Aquatic saprophytes found in many environmental water sources Can grow within an amoebae in the environment Infections follow exposure to contaminated source Pontiac fever and legionnaire’s disease |
Legionella sp.
|
|
|
Nonenteric gram-negative; small, faintly staining coccobacillus
Requires cysteine for growth Highly infectious; bioterrorism agent (10 organisms can result in an infection) - from tick bites or deer flies, inhalation while skinning, or ingestion Tularemia; rabbit or muskrat fever; swollen lymph nodes and ulcers at infection site |
Francisella tularensis
|
|
|
Nonenteric gram-negative coccobacillus
Requires complex media for growth and does not ferment carbohydrates Strictly aerobic Infection via ingestion of unpasteurized dairy products, or as bioweapon Brucellosis: slow onset, periodic fevers Can survive phagocytosis and is taxied to sleep, liver, bone marrow etc. by macrophages |
Brucella sp.
|
|
|
Nontenteric gram-negative; small facultatively anaerobic coccobacilli
Grow well on blood and chocolate agar plates but poorly on media that are selective for Gram-negative rods Commonly found in oropharynx of healthy animals and is associated with infections of dog and cat bites Cellulitis and lymphadenitis following scratch or bite |
Pasteurella multocida
|
|
|
Nonenteric gram-negative; facultatively anaerobic rod that produces a protein capsule
Giemsa stained aspirates of buboes contain bacteria with bipolar staining (safety-pin) Bioweapons agent Highly infections cause of plague; flea bites and person to person through respiratory droplets from patient with pneumonic plague Bubonic and pneumonic plague |
Yersinia pestis
|
|
|
Nonenteric gram-negative rod
Causes rocky mountain spotted fever Intracellular parasite which uses the host’s ATP Microimmunofluorescence is now used to detect antibodies against [this pathogen] Transmitted by hard ticks High fever, headache, myalgia and rash |
Rickettsia rickettsii
|
|
|
Nonenteric gram-negative rods
Strictly aerobic; non-fermenting Grows on all laboratory media and on media selective for gram-negative rods but is lactose negative. Produce grape-like aroma Lives in aquatic environments; commonly found on surface of hospital objects Infection usually happens when the patients innate and adaptive immune response is compromised |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
|
|
|
Nonenteric gram-negative encapsulated rods
Able to ferment lactose on MacConkey agar Occurs in individuals with compromised immune systems and resulting infections are usually endogenous Causes Pneumonia and UTI’s |
Klebsiella pneumoniae
|
|
|
Does not gram-stain but cell wall structure is similar to gram-negative organisms
Cell wall lacks peptidoglycan Produce elementary and reticulate bodies Energy parasites (cannot produce own ATP) Transmission by direct contact. Eye infections and genital infections |
Chlamydia trachomatis
|
|
|
Does not gram-stain but cell wall structure is similar to gram-negative organisms
Cell wall lacks peptidoglycan Produce elementary and reticulate bodies Energy parasites (Cannot produce own ATP) Transmitted by respiratory droplets Respiratory diseases: sinusitis, bronchitis etc. |
Chlamydophila pneumoniae
|
|
|
Weakly staining spirochetes that are usually stained with Giemsa or Wright stain rather than by Gram’s stain
Causative agent of Lyme disease Transmitted via tick bites |
Borrelia burgdorferi
|
|
|
Spirochetes that have cell walls similar to gram-negative bacteria but are too thin to visualize with light microscopy following gram-staining
Causative agent of syphilis Transmitted by person/person sexual contact Can result in chronic infection with several stages |
Treponema pallidum
|
|
|
Unique in that it does NOT have a cell wall. They stabilize their one and only cell membrane with sterols; they are the smallest free-living bacteria
Acquire sterols from host Divide by binary fission Human pathogen that is transmitted via infectious aerosols Most common cause of atypical or walking pneumonia |
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
|
|
|
Have cell walls that are similar to Gram-positive bacteria but - bc of high levels of long chin mycolic acids and high lipid content of the cell wall - they are usually resistant to Gram staining
Rod shaped, require acid-fast stain (acid-fast positive) See colonies on Lowenstein-jensen agar (specialized media) Causes tuberculosis; respiratory aerosols transmit |
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
|
