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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What does aq mean
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a solution, and water is the solvent
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what 2 types of salts are always water soluble
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salts with sodium (Na+)
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salts with the ammonium ion (NH4+)
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which nitrogen containing ions are always water soluble?
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NH4+ (ammonium ion)
NO3- (Nitrates) |
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Which Group/Family is always water soluble?
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Alkali metals!
( group 1, the one sodium is in) |
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Which compounds are always insoluble (unless mixed with either of our 3 inevitable mixers?)
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Carbonates (CO3)2-
Phosphates(PO4)3- sulfates(SO4)2- sulfites(SO3)2- Unless mixed with our 3 golden ions, (alkali) sodium, ammonium or nitrate |
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carbonates, sulfates, sulfites and phosphates are always--------- unless they are complexed with ----------
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insoluble, the golden 3 (really the 2 cations only because they are all anions)
golden 3=alkali metals cations, nitrate anion, ammonium cation |
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All chlorides, bromides and iodides are--------, except when they contain----------
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are water soluble, except when they contain Ag+, Pb+, Hg+
remember AgCl is a common precipitate |
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What 3 rules do Ca2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+ mess with?
Hint: Oxides, Hydroxides and Sulfates |
*All metal oxides are insoluble, unless they are with Ca, Ba, Sr(and golden alkali)
--> CaO, BaO, SrO are water soluble *All Metal hydroxides are water insoluble, except BaOH, CaOH, SrOH (and golden alkali) NaOH is water soluble too *All Sulfates are soluble except with Ca, Ba, Sr *Hydroxides are insoluble, unless |
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Hg+, Pb+, Hg+
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make halogen salts insoluble
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Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+
make what soluble? |
-make oxides soluble
-make hydroxides soluble |
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Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+
make what insoluble? |
-sulfate salts
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What is an electrolyte, what makes it strong or weak?
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Electrolytes are charged solutes that make a solution conduct electricity
strong=completely dissolve weak- only partially |
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Strong bases and acids are....
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Also strong electrolytes
weak bases and acids will also be weak electrolytes (doesn't work in elect-->AB direction) |
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% composition by mass
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In mass (g) units:
(mass solute/mass solution)*100 |
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mole fraction
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# moles of the compound/total moles in species or system
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Why is molality useful?
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It does not change with temperature and pressure changes, while molarity does
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1L water~=
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1 kg.... at normal temp/pressure, molarity=molality
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Normality is useful for...
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Acid Base...
h2so4 has 2N per mole Redox reactions/ electrochem Cu2+ |
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M1V1=M2V2
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watch out for changing volumes in reactions, ESPECIALLY titations
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osmotic pressue
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pi=MRT
pressure exerted due to a concentration differential |
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rate equation vs law of mass action
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rate = k [A]^x [B]^y
vs Keq=([C]^c [D]^d)/([A]^a [B]^b) |
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reaction rate can be altered by
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surface area, temperature, concentration
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enzymes change 9 things
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Ea lower, increase rate,don't affect delG, are not altered, increase k in rate equation, don't change Keq, chenage ts, change mechanism, are temp/pH specific
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example to know for a first order rxn
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radioactive decay
[At]=[Ao]e^(-kt) first order: only depends on one thing, the radioactive compound Sn1, E1..carbocat formation imp |
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things that affect rate
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-reactant concentration
-medium (polarity best for all ^reactivity and stability) -Catalysts -temp (collision and ts theory rely on this) |
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Way to convert a Fischer projection to a normal view
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if the fischer was 1-2-3-4 clockwise, the regular will be 2-1-3-4... now it is a backwards Z
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Hydrocarbon Chemical Shifts to know for NMR
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alkane 0-2
alkene 3-5 aromatic 6.5-8 |
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Carbonyls and alcohols/amines Chemical shifts for NMR
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alc/amine 0-5
**aldehyde 9-10 carb acid 10-12 more shielding, more left |
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Imine formation
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C=O --> C=N-H
carbonyl + amine (Nu addition ) condensation(-H20) mechanism is similar to aldol |
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Aldol
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alcohol+aldehyde... this if the state after nucleophillic addition
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enolate
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the enolate is the enol with a lone pair at the carbon where the acidic hydrogen used to be. THis will be the nucleophile
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enol
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alpha, beta unsaturated aldehyde (final product of the aldol condensation)
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Williamson
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ether synth:
bulky alkoxide +trim alkyl halike undergoes Sn2 |
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Friedel Krafts
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Acylation
use lewis acid (AlCl3) and an acyl halide to add a ketone (make C-C) |
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Michael
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1,4 addition to a,B unsaturated carbonyl (more stable than 1,2 to make carbonyl an alcohol)
opposite of beta elimination |
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Grignard /organometallic
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make a carbanion with MgBr, now we have an alkyl nucleophile that can attack carbonyls
carbonyl--> alcohol (Nu addition) or with good LGs, substitution as in acyl halide--> ketone |
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Wolff Kischner
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reduction
the wolf ate the carbonyl and N2 bubbled off carbonyl--> alkane via hydrazine and base. hydrazone is a good LG |
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Wittig
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bulb--> thick twig
C=O --> C=CR2 use (strong base BuLi to make) an ylide (P+Ph3) to make a carbonyle into a carbanion |
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Hofmann
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exhaustive elimination
make an amine into a non markovnikov alkene by methylating exhaustively until the amine becomes a quat. salt good LG |
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Gabriel green
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amine synthesis
1) o phalic acid and ammonia 2) trim alkyl halide (Sn2), base replaces halide with amine group |
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Saponification
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ester hydrolysis with aq. base
like TGA--> fatty acids esters are not water soluble, but are made so by NaOH because hydrolysis makes a carb acid+alcohol |
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Claisen condensation
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Aceto-acetic ester synthesis:
2 esters--> beta-keto ester strong base!! to enolate (one ester bcms enolate and attacks the other at the carbonyl to substitute the ester) |
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acetoacetic ester synth
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use acetoacetic ester (a beta keto ester) or malonic ester (2ester ends) to make an enolate, alkuylate it and it will undergo decarboxylation, leaving just an alkylated carboxylic acid(if diester used) or ketone (if beta ketoester was used)
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Decarboxylations
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are spontaneous in beta dicarbonyls
watch out for CO2 gas |
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enamine
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same as imine formation (C=O to C=N, but uses a substituted amine NR2, so it can't make a double bond.
instead an ene (C=C-NR2)amine is formed. |
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haloform rxn
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ketone or aldehyde--> carboxylic acid (alpha R leaves after exhaustive halogenation)
again, enolate started it! carboxyl--> enolate enolate attacks I-I and becomes halogenated, the rest of the Hs become MORE acidic dure to EDG I and halogenation is exhaustive at alpha C.... C(I3) BCMs LG |
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organometallic compounds
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XMgBr, but also
RX--(BuLi)--> RLi (R-) same as grig.: C=O to an alkylated alcohol |
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Hoffman degradation
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of amides:
elimination was amine--> alkane degradation is amide-----(Br2,OH-)---> amine-CO2 with decarboxylation so the WHOLE carbonyl is lost (-CO2) |
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4 steps to a beta-keto acid decarboxylation
(5 if starting with an beta keto ester) |
1)cyclic internal H-bond forms with carbonyl O and acid H
2)decarboxylation of carb acid CO2 3)carb acid's H stays on carbonyl making an enol 4)enol tautomerizes to ketone ***w/ ester, hydrolysis into acid first |
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how to get a hofman product from an elimination
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1)hofman elimination of an amine with exhaustive methylation
2)E2 with a bulky base that can only take a proton from the least sub'd carbon |
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Tollen's/Benedict's test
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is it a reducing sugar?
If it is, it will reduce an oxidizing agent, causing it's precipitation hemiacetals/hemiketals can reduce, full acetals and ketals cannot ( |
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