Soils Exam #1

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# 4 sieve or larger

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coarse aggregate

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#200 - #4 sieve

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fine aggregate

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gravel

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larger than #4 sieve

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sand

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#200 - #4 sieve

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gravel or sand, #200 sieve or larger is.. coarse or fine grained

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course grained

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smaller than #200 sieve is.. coarse or fine grained

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fine grained

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pass # 200 sieve

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fines aka silts/clays

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AASHTO is used by

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STATE DOTs and highway work

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Excellent for subgrades

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A1, A2, A3

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poor for subgrades- use under sub base

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A4 and A5

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most susceptible to frost

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A4-A5

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fine grained silty soils

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A4-A5

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fine grained clayey soild

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A6-A7

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A8

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organic soil

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examples of organic soil

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peat, muck

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are peat/muck good quality?

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no

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G

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gravel

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S

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Sand

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M

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Silt

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C

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Clay

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O

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organic silts and clay

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PT

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peat

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highly organic, humus, swampy, mucky soil

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peat

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H

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high plasticity

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L

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low plasticity

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W

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well graded

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P

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poorly graded

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if gravel or sand use either....

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well or poorly graded (W or P)

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if clay, silt, or organic use either...

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low plasticity or high plasticity (L or H)

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larger than 4, not cohesive

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gravel

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granular

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sand

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dry, fine, powdery, crumbles when dry, slippery when wet

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silt

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rich black color, organic, WET

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organic silts and clay

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frost susceptible, NO dry strength

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silt

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easily compacted and easily drained

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sand and gravel

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cohesive soil

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clay

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low shear strength, expand when wetted

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clay

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shrink when dry, prone to landslides

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clay

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occur in low drying aread where water table is near ground surface

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organic soils

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spongy crumbly and compressible

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organic soils

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may contain harmful materials

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organic soils

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organic material with very high water content

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Muck

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vegetable material in decomposition

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peat

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mix of varied size grains-sand, silt, clay

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loam

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is clay cohesive?

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yes

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is silt cohesive

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no

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formed from volcanoes

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igneous rock

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igneous fine grained

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basalt

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igneous coarse grained

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granite

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are igneous rocks good for construction

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yes

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rock deposited in layers

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sedimentary rock

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sedimentary rock consolidated clays and silts

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shale

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sedimentary rock primarily of quartz

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sandstone

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sedimentary rock calcium carbonated hardened underwater

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limestone

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rock formed by pressure and heat

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metamorphic rock

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physical deterioration of rock is ________ weathering

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mechanical

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in michigan ______ rock make up the bedrock in northwestern peninsula

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igneous

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new soil formed over old rock

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residual soils

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4 ways soil is transported

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gravity
water
wind
glacial

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sized smaller than the #4 sieve
few fines passing the #200
non cohesive
variety of particle sizes

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A1-A3
S W

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smaller than #200 sieve
dark color, strong odor
very wet soil
no plasticity
minor traces of sand and clay

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A-8
O L

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sized smaller than #4 sieve, most particles passing the #200
non cohesive
no dry strength
no plasticity
smooth powdery feel, slippery when wet

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A-4 A-5
M L

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smaller than #200 sieve
cohesive
has dry strength
high plasticity

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A-6 A7
CH

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larger than the #4 sieve
non cohesive
looks like pea stone, all one size

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A1-A3
G P

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sized smaller than the #200 sieve
primarily organic matter, dark color, organic color
HIGHLY organic soil

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A-8
PT

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PI =

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LL-PL

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LL-PL=

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PI

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LL stands for

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liquid limit

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PL stands for

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plastic limit

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PI stands for

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plasticity index

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HOW DO YOU classify granular materials

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sieve analysis

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HOW DO YOU classify cohesive materials

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atterburg limits

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P200 means...

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percent passing the #200 sieve

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what are the 4 states (degrees of firmness) and consistency of any soil

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liquid
plastic
semi-solid
solid

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the four states liquid, plastic, semi-solid, and solid are related to...

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water content (W)

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D10 means...

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diameter @10