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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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plants may have purple discoloration in stems and older leaves
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phosphorus deficient
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Other than nitrogen what is the most plant consumed nutient, it regulates functions related to Osmosis
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Potassium
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nitrogen and potassium are mobile nutrients . In what foliage do the deficiencies show
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mature leaves show symptoms becasue the nutrients are preferentially mobilzed to newer growth.
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When you see foliage discoloration and stunted growth what should you check for
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drainage, compaction, perched water table, fertilizer techniques salt injury.
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What creates buffering capacity?
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organic matter imparts buffering capacity . Calcium carbonate in weathered soil can give a soil a high buffering capacity.
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What micronutrient causes the crispness in apples?
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boron
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What challanges does a clay soil present?
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Poor drainage, physical barriers to root growth, low water infiltration, water runoff dessication of plants
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Which form of nitrogen fertilizer is positively charged?
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Amonium nitrate is positively charged and attracted to the soil colloids that prevent it from leaching
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What N fertilizer moves freely and is able to diffuse to plant roots
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nitrate is a quick acting nitrogen fertilizer.
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If there is a buffer PH of 7.3 on your soil test what will the CEC reading be like?
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There is no reserve acidity on the CEC and so the CEC reading is irrelevant and unlikely to be there at all.
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Which macronutrient is consumed the most after nitrogen? What does it regulate?
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Plants consume more Potassium (K) than other macronutrients and it regulates functions related to osmosis.
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Why would you put a nutrient near the seeds or root zone?
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Elements such as phosphates are closely held and present little mobility.
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Where are the elements nitrogen and Boron stored in soils?
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In organic matter.
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what is a chelate?
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Chemically, a chelate is a compound from complexing of cations with organic compounds resulting in a ring structure. Slightly soluble compounds form chelates
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what do chelates mean to plant nutrition?
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increase in the availability of nutrients. Chelation increases the mobility of nutrients in soil. This increased mobility enhances the uptake of these nutrients by plants.
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How does the chelation process reduces the loss of nutrients through leaching?
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Metal ions forming chelates are more stable than the free ions
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give an example of how chelates increase the availability of nutrients?
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Chelating agents will bind the relatively insoluble iron in high pH soil and make it available to plants
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Pre planting where do you mix needed lime?
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Into the root zone.
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What is a saturated media extract?
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Distilled water is added to a media until it is saturated , this is filtered after sitting and then used to test soil in a soil test
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What does taking a composite soil sample mean?
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Taking soil samples from various places around your field and combining them to get one soil sample.
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When would you use dolomitic lime?
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If you have an acidic soil deficient in magnesium. CaCO2 + Mg Co2. Dolomitic lime absorbs the negative hydrogen and gives back Mg and Ca.
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What is exchangeable potassium on a soil test?
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potassium is washed from the sample with a solution that replaces it on the cation exchange.
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What does over irrigation of turf cause?
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nitrogen leaching
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What type of nitrogen is involved in immobilization?
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Inorganic nitrogen from a source other than plant or animal are converted into organic forms as microbes and plants die and become part of the biomass as NH4+(amonium).
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what is ammonification?
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Nitrogen in it's organic form is converted by microorganisms into amonium NH4+. Because it has a positive charge can be adsorbed and fixed to soil particles
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What is the general range for K on a soil test ?
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2-5%
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What is a normal range in soil for Mg?
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10-15%
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Sodium content should be less than what percentage?
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15 %
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What form of slow release potassium can you buy?
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None- Potassium is all soluble, it is found in cytoplasm.
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Which does not exist H2PO4 or P2O5?
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P2O5 appears on the fertilizer label but does not exist. the number must be multiplied by .44 to get the correct amount of phosphate.
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Is too much phosphate always dangerous to your soil?
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Unless you have erosion or run off H2PO4 can be applied without worry of excess because it is tightly adsorbed on the cation exchange.
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which macronutrients are immobile?
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calcium copper sulfur boron iron manganese and zinc
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What could cause dwarfing and intervenal chlorosis of younger leaves?
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manganese deficiency
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what micronutrient stimulates growth and is least availble in alkaline soils?
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zinc
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When is it best to mulch?
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After you fertilize .
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if you need nutrients quickly which form of fertilizer should you use?
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water soluble form
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In which situation would you most likely have salt build ups
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In a green house
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What could nitrate of soda cause?
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a bad osmotic effect
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potasium chloride or muriate of potash is dangerous to what
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soil microbes
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what would you use if your soil showed a calcium and a sufur deficiency and you do not want to raise the PH
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gypsum, CaSo4
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If increaced acidity leaches calcium and magnesium from the soil what would increase in mobility
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aluminum
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What type of fertilizer does not need to be added as frequently?
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water soluble
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What nitrogen is plant available?
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plants can absorb nitrate or ammonium ions from the soil via their root hairs.
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Why does a green house container plant need constant watering
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the mix is porous and constantly leached , roots are confined and demand more nutrition at the root zone
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nurseries and container growers use what kind of fertilizer?
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water soluble or manufactured slow release like osmoco
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What are nitrogen deficiency symptoms?
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Poor leaf and stem growth, overall size and vigor, delay of flower and fruit
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What would this fertilizer formula likely to be 20-27-5
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Starter fertilizer
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what nutrient deficiency stops a plant from standing up straight?
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calcium
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what is denitrification?
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in wet soils anaerobic microorganisms take the O2 out of the soil and produce nitrogen gas.
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what promotes rapid succulent growth?
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nitrogen
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What lends toughness to the plants stems?
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potassium
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What does calcium and boron do in a plant?
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cell wall formation
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On a soil test what does CEC compare?
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the chemistry of a quarry stone with the neutralizing power of pure calcium carbonate.
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On a lime bag, what is the effective neutralizing power compare to?
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the midpoint of the mesh size.
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If a lime test requires 100 lbs of lime and your is 76% effective how much lime do you need ?
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130 lbs
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How does phosphorus differ from nitrogen?
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there is no gaseous form
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What soil type is nitrogen more ecologically dangerous in?
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sandy soils.
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This fertilizer could be used on lawns but is not good for low for vegetables
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5-3-4
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A water soluble nitrate that is preferable in a fertilizer
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CaNo3-calcium nitrate
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Is spring fertilization good in an organic regime?
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promotes to much of a flush of sudden growth
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Potassium K2O is really K+ what factor must you multiply by to get the correct amount of potassium to match a soil test?
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.83
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where do single source phosphates come from?
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bone meal by products or phosphorus rocks
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nitrogen can be obtained from this organic product:
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protein based bone meal
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Is the particle size relelvant to fertilizers?
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only for convenience of spreading
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a type of hydrogylized lime is
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furnace slag
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lime an organic lawn how often
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20lbs per 5000 sq ft every three years or larger dose less often
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define the finess factor on a bag of lime
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the particle size and the rate at which it is dissolved in the soil
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On a liming material why is the moisture factor important
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water does not affect the acidity and so you must calculate the correct amount to be applied
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what does heavy phosphorus fertilization do?
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inhibits mycorrhizal symbiosis
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What off sets the effects of nitrogen by hardening off plant growth by the opening and closing of stomata
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Potassium
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Mono valent cation K is held less securely than the divalent Ca+2 or Mg+2 the competition effect on the CEC will take up the mono valent K
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is an example of luxury consumption
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How is organic potasium like granite mill or green sand best used
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mixed with organic compost and allowed to become water soluble.
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If an ornamental plant exhibits lush green growth with weak stems and was slow to flower what might a tissue analysis show?
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nitrogen deficiency
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what liming material is a neutral salt
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gypsum
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why is nitrate of soda different than other nitrogen fertilizers?
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It raises the soil PH.
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Formula reference _ How many ppm would you make your mixture
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Not more than 200 PPM
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How are rock phosphates (phosphate and calcium) best used?
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finely ground used on acid soils.
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what plants commonly exhibit iron deficiencies
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citrus, other dependent crops are soy grapes blueberries raspberries and beets
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In deciduous fruit trees rosetting would be a sign of?
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zinc deficiency
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magnesium is mobile in nature and so will exhibit deficiencies where ?
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Mature leaves show chlorosis and proceeds to younger leaves as the deficiency continues.
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high iron can cause a manganese defiecincy why?
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luxury consumption, MN+2 is after aluminum on the cation exchange
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copper dependent crops are :
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citrus onions wheat barley carrots
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boron is a divalent anion tied to calcium - what is a deficincy symptom
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apical stem rot (i.e. inside of beet tuber rot)
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What is the primary way to release the Molybdenum divalent anion?
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raise the PH of soil to 7
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High levels of nickle an cobalt often induce which deficiencies
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Zn and Fe
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What happens to phosphorus when the soil PH becomes too low?
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chemical reaction takes place that fixes phosphorus to Al, Fe, or Mn and phosphorus becomes insoluble and unusable by plants.
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what happens if plants don't get enough P?
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Plants that don't get enough P have spindly, thin-stems that are weak. Their growth is stunted or shortened, and their older leaves turn a dark bluish-green. The ability of phosphorus deficient plants to produce seeds, flowers, and fruits is deminished.
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What has a gaseous form like nitrogen and should be 6-8% of all nitrogen added?
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sulphur
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the pungency of mustard and onions depend on this element
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sulfur in the soil
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In hydroponic plants if you see a die back at the apical meristem what deficiency are you seeing?
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calcium forms strong cell walls
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micronutrient involved in cell division, sugar translocation, formation of carbohydrates and involved in over 60 enzyme
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Potassium is micronutrient #1
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what measurement is a concentration of cations in a chemical solution?
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PH
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define low PH
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the percolation of mildly acid water thru the soil which neutralizes the bases and replaces the base cations with hydrogen ions
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What has a large surface area that is highly charged and will attract cations?
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clay
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what is the calcium carbonate equivilent referrring to?
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total neutralizing value
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