Soil Chemistry

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A vertical section of the soil extending vertically through all its horizons and into the parent material.

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Soil Profile

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A layer of soil, approximately parallel to the surface, with properties that differ from the horizons above or below it – the properties (characteristics) are produced by soil forming processes.

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Soil Horizon

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A layer in the soil deposited by a geologic force (wind, water, glaciers, oceans, etc.) and not relating to soil forming process.

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Soil Layer

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Layers dominated by organic material.

•Identification Criteria

•>20% organic matter

•Dark color (

•Feels ‘Squishy”

•Identifiable dead leaves, grass, etc. accumulated at surface

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O horizons or layers

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•Typically ranging from 6-30 centimeters thick

•Mineral horizon formed at the surface or below an O horizon.

•Characterized by an accumulation of well decomposed organic matter intimately mixed with the mineral fraction.

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A HORIZON

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Identification Criteria

•Mineral soil material

•Mix of well decomposed organic matter and mineral material

•Surface mineral horizon

•Typically dark in color-darker than underlying horizons

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A horizon

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•Mineral horizon in the upper part of the soil typically underlying an O or A horizon.

•Light color due to the natural color of the mineral grains.

•Formed by weak organic acids that strip coatings from mineral grains.

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E horizon

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Field Identification

•Zone of eluviation - removal of clays, Fe, Al, and humus

•Lighter in color than over or underlying horizon

•Near surface, below O or A horizons and above a B horizon

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E horizon

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Field Identification

•Subsurface horizon formed below an O, A, E horizon and above the C horizon

•Formed as a result of soil forming processes

•Expressed often by color

•Illuvial concentration-zone of accumulation

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B horizon

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Referred to as subsoil.

•The zone of accumulation (or illuviation) within the soil.

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B horizon

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Referred to as parent material.

•These horizons and layers are little affected by soil forming processes (unweathered geologic material).

•Field Identification

•Little affected by soil-forming processes

•Geologic layering

•Color of unweathered geologic material

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C horizon

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Soil forms when weathered parent material interacts with environment.

•Affected by the following

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•CLIMATE

•ORGANISMS

•RELIEF

•PARENT MATERIAL

•TIME

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•Determines speed, character of soil development:

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•Type and rate of weathering

•living organisms and plants found in an area

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Important for rate of runoff, erosion, drainage

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Topography

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Determines texture, types of weathering, mineral make-up

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PARENT MATERIAL

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is the breaking down of rocks, soil, and minerals as well as wood and artificial materials through contact with the Earth's atmosphere, water, and biological organisms.

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Weathering

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disintegration of parent material; increases surface area:

•Surface area increases by same factor as particle size decreases

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Physical (Mechanical):

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primary minerals are broken down and secondary minerals are formed

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Chemical (Biogeochemical) :

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: minerals react with H2O

•H+ replace soluble parts; OH- combine with mineral cations

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Hydrolysis

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: mineral combines with H2O

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Hydration

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: mineral combines with O2 (lose electron)

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Oxidation

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: loss of O2 (gain electron)

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Reduction

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: oxides combine with acids to make carbonates

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Carbonation

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: organic acids form organic complexes with metal cations

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Complexation

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is the color of the powder left by a mineral after it is rubbed against a hard surface.

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Streak

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- is the tendency of a mineral to split along surfaces, or planes of weakness.

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Cleavage

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(humus or organic)

Decomposing leaves and lots of organic matter

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O horizon

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(topsoil)

Contains lots of roots, and minerals for growing plants

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A horizon

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(humus or organic)

Decomposing leaves and lots of organic matter

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O horizon

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(topsoil)

Contains lots of roots, and minerals for growing plants

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A horizon

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(eluviated layer or EXIT layer)

Materials, minerals, organic matter, and clays exit the soil profile

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E horizon

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(subsoil)

Minerals from upper horizons stop here

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B horizon

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(parent material) Earth’s surface that soils developed from

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C horizon

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Bedrock

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R horizon

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is made up of soil, sand, mud and rock, which are all composed of minerals

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lithosphere

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is a naturally occurring, crystalline, inorganic substance with specific physical and chemical properties.

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a mineral

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- a process by which a material is formed in or on the earth.

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Naturally Occurring

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- the atoms and molecules of a mineral are the same throughout and are joined in a fixed position as a solid in a definite pattern.

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Crystalline

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- not living or formed from a living thing.

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Inorganic Substance

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can be used to represent a mineral.

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Chemical Symbol - a chemical symbol or formula

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- is the way the surface of the mineral reflects light.

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Luster

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There are two forms of luster,

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metallic and non-metallic.

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Mineral with metallic luster

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Pyrite

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Mineral with non-metallic luster

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Kaolinite

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Minerals in arranging Moh’s scale of hardness

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1- Talc

2- Gypsum

3- Calcite

4- Fluorite

5- Apatite

6- Orthoclase

7- Quartz

8- Topaz

9- Corundum

10- Diamond

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- minerals can be identified by determining their relative density as compared to water.

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Specific Gravity

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Means any garbage, refuse, sludge from a waste, water treatment plant, water supply treatment plant or air pollution control facility, and other discarded materials.

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Solid waste

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Consist of household and construction waste, demolition debris, sanitation residue and waste from streets

•Biodegradable

•Non-biodegradable

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Municipal waste

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those that can cause harm to human and environment

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Hazardous waste

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Types of hazardous waste

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Toxic waste

reactive waste

Infectious waste

Corrosive waste

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-Poisonous in small or trace amount

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Toxic waste

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- Have tendency to react vigorously with air and water, unstable to shock and heat, generates toxic gases or explode during routine management

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Reactive waste

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-Includes human tissue from surgery, used bandages and hypoderm needles, hospital waste

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Infectious waste

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- Destroys materials and living tissues by chemical reaction

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Corrosive wastes

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- Any waste generated during the diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings, or animals or in research activities pertaining to the production or testing of biological.

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Biomedical waste

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- Burying the waste in the yard.

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Land fill

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- Wastes are burned at high temprature so as to convert them into residue and gaseous products (also known as thermal treatment).

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Incineration

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- An easy and natural biodegradable process that takes organic wastes(remains of plants, garden and kitchen waste) and turns into nutrient rich food for your plants.

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Composting

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is the process of taking useful discarded items for a specific next use.

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resource recovery

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is the process of converting waste products into new products to prevent energy usage and consumption of fresh raw materials.

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Recycling