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12 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Sodium levels?
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136-145 mEq/L
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What does sodium do?
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• ECF cation
• A shift in Na, triggers a fluid volume change to restore normal solute and water ratios • Helps maintain acid-base balance • Activates nerve and muscle cells, involved in muscle contraction and the Na+/K+ pump • Influences H2O distribution with Cl- • Regulated by the kidney through tubular reabsorption • Aldosterone , a hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex, works to increase the reabsorption of Na+ by the kidney • Natriuretic peptides increase Na+ and water excretion |
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What are Sodium symptoms?
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Hypo:
• Sleepiness • Weakness • Lethargy • N/V or anorexia • Behavioral and personality changes • Decreased tendon reflexes • Headache Hyper: • Increased thirst • Irritability, restlessness confusion, agitation Both: |
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What are sodium treatments?
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Hypo:
• Fluid restriction Hyper: • Push fluids • D5W • Inspect for edema Both: • Monitor I/O, VS, Wt., lab values, urine Na+, specific gravity |
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what are chloride levels?
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98-106 mEq/L
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what does chloride do?
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• Main ECF anion
• ECF osmolality • Affects body pH by playing a vital role in acid-base balance, combining with H- ions to produce HCL • Passive transport, follows Na+ |
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symptoms of chloride?
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Hypo:
• Hypoventilation • Tetany • Paresthesia of the extremities • Restless, confusion, convulsions Hyper: • Hyperventilation to blow off excess carbon dioxide • Hypotension • Decreased cardiac output • Peripheral vasodilation • Headache • Lethargy |
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chloride treatment?
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Hypo:
• Increase NaCL in the diet • Correct GI symptoms • Seizure precautions Hyper: • Correct fluid imbalance by giving IV fluids • Give sodium bicarb and corrects pH • Monitor patient’s level of consciousness and respiratory status |
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what are potassium levels?
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3.5-5 mEq/L
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what does potassium do?
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• Main ICF cation
• Regulates cell excitablility and membrane potential for muscle contraction, cardiac muscle contraction, and nerve impulse conduction. • Na+/K+ pump • Affects the cell’s electrical status • ICF osmolality • K+ and insulin are required to move glucose into the ICF and for metabolism of Carbohydrates and proteins. • Kidneys excrete 80% of the body’s potassium, and 20% through the bowel and sweat glands. K+ must be replaced every day. • 90% of K+ is reabsorbed by the proximal tubule and Loop of Henle. The distal tubule secretes K+ and determines the amount of K+ excreted from the body. • Aldosterone also plays a major factor in K+ regulation • Insulin helps regulate |
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what are symptoms of potassium?
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Hypo:
• Muscle weakness and cramps, fatigue, decreased tendon reflexes • Postural hypotension • Constipation • EKG changes and arrhythmias • Confusion Hyper: • EKG changes and arrhythmias • Nausea, diarrhea, hyperactive bowel sounds with intermittent colic, numbness/tingling of the face, tongue, feet, or hands • Fatigue, drowsiness • Irritability, mental confusion |
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treatment of potassium?
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Hypo:
• Replace K+ orally or IV Hyper: • Kayxelate • Insulin, bicarb, and dextrose fluids • Dialysis • Goal: increase excretion and move the potassium into the cells Both: • Monitor I/O, heart monitor, labs, mental status |
