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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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[Plasma K+] < 3.5 [Urine K+] < 20 BP normal |
Hypokalemia due to GI loss (ie clay ingestion, Diarrhea, chronic laxative use, villous adenoma) |
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[Plasma K+] < 3.5 [Urine K+] normal BP normal |
Hypokalemia due to cell shifts (ie insulin, B2 agonists, Alkelmia) |
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[Plasma K+] < 3.5 [Urine K+] > 20 BP is high (HTN) |
Hypokalemia due to Primary Hyperaldosteronism |
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[Plasma K+] < 3.5 [Urine K+] > 20 BP is low [Plasma Cl-] is low |
Hypokalemia due to vomitting |
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[Plasma K+] < 3.5 [Urine K+] > 20 BP is low [Plasma Cl-] is high |
Hypokalemia due Diruertic, Magnesium Deficiency, Congenital Defect |
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Symptoms of Fatigue, ST depression with U waves, Hyporeflexia (due to less excitable/Hyperpolarized neurons) |
Hypokalemia |
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[Plasma K+] > 5 [Urine K+] normal Blood pH, Isulin levels, Aldosterone levels, Kidney biopsy, tissue integrity all normal |
Pseudo-Hyperkalemia due to lab (mechanical injury lyses cells) |
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[Plasma K+] > 5 [Urine K+] Normal One of following abnormal: tissue integrity, insulin levels, blood pH |
Hyperkalemia due to cell shift (ie low insulin levels/DM, tissue catabolism due to burn or rhabdo, Acidemia) |
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[Plasma K+] > 5 [Urine K+] < 20 Low aldosterone levels |
Hyperkalemia due to Addison's Disease, Beta-blockers, ACE-inhibitors, NSAIDs, or Heparin |
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[Plasma K+] > 5 [Urine K+] < 20 normal aldosterone levels |
Hyperkalemia due to CKD causing decreased K+ secretion at collecting duct/distal tubule |
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Symptoms of ST elevation with possible VT, decreased HR, mm weakness, hyperexcitable neurons |
Hyperkalemia |
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Treatment of Hyperkalemia |
1) Ca2+ to stabilize myocardial cell membranes 2) Insulin w/ Glucose 3) B2-Agonist 4) Dialysis if severe |
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[Plasma Na+] < 135 Isoosmotic plasma |
Pseudo-Hyponatremia due to lab error |
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[Plasma Na+] < 135 Hyperosmotic plasma |
Hyponatremia with normal sodium content due to increased concentration of another osmotically active solute (ex: glucose) that dilutes the sodium |
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[Plasma Na+] < 135 Hypoosmotic plasma Hypovolemic (low JVP, looks dehyrdated) |
Hyponatremia due to loss of both Na+ and H20, but more H20 than Na+ (ie Vomitting, Diarrhea, Diruetic use) |
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[Plasma Na+] < 135 Hypoosmotic plasma Hypervolemic (JVD, weight gain, edema) |
Hyponatremia due to increased ECF volume
ie : Cirrhosis (decreases albumin), CHF (edema), Nephrotic Syndrome (loss of protein in urine) |
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[Plasma Na+] < 135 Hypoosmotic plasma Isovolemic |
Hyponatremia due to 1) SIDADH (high ADH) 2) Hypothyroidism 3) Primary polydipsia (low ADH) |
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Chronic symptoms include increased falls, confusion, decreased ability to concentrate
Acute symptoms include pernament neuro deficits |
Hyponatremia |
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Treatment of Hypoosmotic Hyponatremia |
If due to chronic volume overload - fluid restriction
If due to decreased volume - isotonic saline infusion
Goal is to raise [Plasma Na+] 10mmol/day but a bolus can be given in acute cases until symptoms disappear |
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[Plasma Na+] > 145 Hyperosmotic [Urine Na+] is low
Trx? |
Hypernatremia due to Water Loss (ie hypovolemia)
Ex: Insensible loss (sweat, burn), GI loss (diarrhea), Renal loss (osmotic diruesis)
Trx = Isotonic saline infusion |
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[Plasma Na+] > 145 Hyperosmotic [Urine Na+] is high
Trx? |
Hypernatremia due to Sodium Retention due to IV infusion of NaCl NaHCO3 during code ressusitation
Trx = Diretic or dialysis |
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[Plasma Na+] > 145 Hyperosmotic Urine osmlolarity < Plasma osmolairty Normal ADH levels
Trx? |
Hypernatremia due to Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus (kidney doesn't respond to ADH)
Trx = Thiazides, Amiloride, NSAIDS |
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[Plasma Na+] > 145 Hyperosmotic Urine osmlolarity < Plasma osmolairty Decreased ADH levels
Trx ? |
Hypernatremia due to Central Diabetes Insipidus (pituitary doesn't make enough ADH)
Trx = Desmopressin |
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Symptoms include twitching, seizures, death
Acute can cause rupture of cerebral vasculature |
Hypernatremia |
