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129 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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-functional unit of conduct with a begining and an end
- comprise a number a number of responses to stimuli that move a person to accomplish goals |
act
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organized set of cognitions about a person, role, or situation
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schema
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its focus is on the patterned and repetitive conduct and social relationships that can be observed within and between various groups in a society at any point in given history
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Structural perspective
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sees living creatures as attempting to meet the demands of their environments in practical ways
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Pragmatism
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the need to value the subjective understandings of people in research
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Max Weber labelled as “Verstehen,”
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•psychologist Gordon Allport defined ________as “attempt to understand and explain how the thought, feeling, and behaviour of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others”
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social psychology
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Look at existing social patterns or forms of behaviour and try to show how they might have developed differently, the “reality” people see when they look at such phenomena is socially constructed => something is deemed true if it “captures reality”
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Social Constructionism
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- we live amidst a “hypereality” having lost the capacity to distinguish between what is real and what is an illusion - Knowledge is relative, the self is not a fixed entity
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postmodernism
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Emphasizes that conduct is formed in real time as people form plans and purposes, take themselves into account, and interact with one another => most human acts are not individual but social acts, requiring the coordinated efforts of several individuals
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symbolic interactionism
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a vocal or other type of gesture that arouses the same response in the person using it as people whom it is directed towards (similar/same perceived meaning)
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Significant symbol
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something that stands for something else (e.g. smoke is a sign of fire)
only exists when an organism is capable of perceiving and responding to it |
sign
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our socially constructed signs (what symbolic Interactionists refer to when they mention symbols, not necessarily a universal meaning)
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Conventional Signs
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- have public meaning
- people can use these in the absence of objects they signify |
symbols
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• Human beings fashion a world of things and stimuli into a world of ______ because they act with purpose toward them
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objects
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a functional unit of conduct with an identifiable beginning and end that is related to the organism’s purposes and that is oriented toward one or more objects
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act
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name the three phases of the act:
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Impulse
manipulation consumation |
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lies in the idea that human beings are objects to themselves; each person is an object in his or her own experience
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self
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the immediate spontaneous response of the individual to the attitude of others
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the "I"
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awareness of one’s acts and the internalization of other people’s attitudes
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the "me"
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: the overall grasp of the nature of a particular setting, the activities that occur there and are likely to reoccur there, the objects that are sought or taken into account, and the others who are present
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Definition of the Situation
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a cluster of duties, rights, and obligations associated with a particular social position
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role
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is the process wherein the person constructs activity in a situation so that it fits the definition of the situation, is consonant with the person’s own role, and meshes with the activity of others
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Role making
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the process wherein the person imaginatively occupies the role of another and looks at self and situation from that vantage point in order to engage in role making
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role taking
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a generalized perspective of the group, community, or society as a whole that people take into account in considering the reactions to their actions
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generalized other
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social groups that provide generalized others and sets of standards for evaluating conduct, may include groups of which one is not an actual member and groups to which one belongs
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Reference Groups
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involves learning the relationships between words and deeds
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Linguistic socialization
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when members of a social group interact more frequently with one another than they do with outsiders
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Idiocultures
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describes the strategic actions that people take to manage both the impressions that other people will have of them and how others react to them
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Impression Management
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– people are actors performing onstage for an audience
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Goffman’s dramaturgical analogy
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provides a conceptual framework for analyzing how people present their “selves” to others
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The Presentation of the Self in Everyday Life
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behaviours people present to others that they intend to communicate,
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expressions given
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physical communications that people cannot control but that could contradict an image
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expressions given off
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emerges when one person’s announcements coincide with how others place him or her
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situated identity
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anything that another person can potentially interpret as an indication of the role that an individual intends or wants to enact in a situation
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An identity announcement
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occurs when another person treats the individual in accordance with the announcements that the person has made
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-An identity placement
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cognitive generalization about the self, derived from past experience, that organizes and guides the processing of self-related information contained in the individual’s social experiences”
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Self-schema
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refers to drives, needs, urges, and other states that shape responses to stimuli at any given moment
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motivation
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refers to meanings that people attach to their conduct => linked to the “me” phase of conduct
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-motive
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arises in us when we think and feel about ourselves in connection to how we think others see us
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self esteem
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– the meanings of the situation and the events that take place within it – are not fixed, but emerge over time
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Mead- emergence
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efforts to convince people about the correctness and legitimacy of particular constructions of issues
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moral entrepreneurship
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is an image or picture that catalogs people's knowledge of a role
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typification
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decisions use simple rules for making inferences
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Inferential heuristics
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whether a person resembles a stereotypical category
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Representativeness
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– once people have categorized events and persons, they organize past information and future perceptions consistently with these categories
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The rule of consistency
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a general category is selected for interpreting a situation, people tend not to reorganize situational cues to test the application of alternative categories
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Rule of economy
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- We assume that an event has a cause, and to act appropriately or effectively we must first establish the cause
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Causality
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organizing routines – people make judgements about others’ acts in terms of what they feel is morally appropriate or necessary
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-Norms
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refers to when various participants in a situation regard one another’s acts as sensible in terms of their own understanding of what is going on in the situation
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Substansive Congruency
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verbal efforts to place social interaction in alignment by reconciling individual conduct and prominent cultural ideals
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Aligning actions
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Mills argued that individual motives ought to be considered as more than inherent psychological states – motives are constituted in the vocabularies of social explanations and justifications that individuals know they can offer to explain their actions
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Vocabularies of Motive
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“ a linguistic device employed whenever an action is subjected to valuative inquiry”
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Account
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- constitute efforts to carry out an intended act without damaging one’s identity in the process
attempts to control a definition of a situation and the identities of those present in advance - |
disclaimer
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describe the types of feelings that people expect in particular situations
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Feeling rules
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refers to feelings that someone learns and performs for public display
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Surface acting
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an emotion that is authentic rather than just put on for a performance
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deep acting
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having to consistently feel things that people do not feel can be debilitating and draining
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Emotional dissonance
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one’s act constrains and limits what the other can do
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Altercasting
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the capacity of one person to achieve purposes without other people’s consent despite opposition
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power
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“the total combination of what each interactant knows about the identity of the other and his own identity in the eyes of the others
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awareness context
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when people thinking an individual’s disposition as causing an outcome rather than considering the social situation that impacts a person
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Fundamental attribution error
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– comprising the many predictable and coordinated social activities that occur in everyday life
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Social order
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examines how people are “constantly engaged in a process of creating sense, making it appear that their behaviour is correct or appropriate
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Enthnomethodology
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people make interpretations based on context
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- Indexicality –
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beliefs and practices which are transmitted to us ready-made by previous generations
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social facts
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an organization of several different acts by many participants that accumulate into a single whole
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joint action
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account for how the ongoing activities of a complex organization such as a hospital are coordinated so as to pursue its paramount goal
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negotiated order
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examines how a label for being “deviant” emerges
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Becker – Labelling Theory
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social groups that advocate particular constructions of what are deviant or normal
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Moral Entrepreneurs
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agents of social control who enforce standards
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rule enforcers
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exists when the usual processes of motive talk, accounting, and disclaiming cannot sufficiently restore routine – when people persist in behaving in an undesirable way
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Social disorder
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– people will identify a cause before the recognized effect – they construct a set of conditions to match the cause they have decided on
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Quasi theorizing
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a collective effort to change a part of society or resist some changes that others may seek
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Social Movement
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Look at existing social patterns or forms of behaviour and try to show how they might have developed differently, the “reality” people see when they look at such phenomena is socially constructed => something is deemed true if it “captures reality”
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Social Constructionism
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differentiated performance on the basis of membership in a community
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social identity
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life long biographical performance involving a narrative of the self
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personal identity
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unique and internalized; differentiates us from others
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individualistic identity
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shared identity derived from social membership
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collectivist identity
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patterns of activities and announcrements that resist typicfication
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role deviation
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assumptions made by what is present in the mind
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availability heuristic
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something "everyone else" is doing
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bandwagon effect
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defer our decisions to others' judgements
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social proof
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managing spoiled identity in the face of moral evaluation
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repair work
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a moral enterprise which designates undesirable aspects of the human condition as mental disorder
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Psychiatry
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explains social order in terms of symbolic systems, socialization and, reproduction of social class
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theory of social stratification
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groupings of individuals based on social capital
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social classes
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name the four types of capital
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-economic
-social -cultural -symbolic |
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shared system of lasting aquired schemes of perception, thought, and action anchored in daily practices
- learned habits, bodily skills, styles, tastes, and other forms of knowledge that "go without saying" for another group |
habitus
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a form of capital which dislays habitus
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cultural capital
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a social space in which interactions, transactions, and events occur
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field
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- idea of competition, justifying class and social order
- favours a particular arrangement of the field, thus priveliging the dominant and takng their position of dominance as self-evident and universally favorable |
doxa
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the person is a product of collective and institutional ways of thinking
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Durkheim - self as a social fact
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interpretive mechanisms in the maintenance of institutional definitions of the person
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folk psychologies
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act as subtle, diffuse instruments of social control
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discursive practices
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emphasis upon subject's location in social order, their socialized rules and historical social context
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sociology
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emphasis on subject's mental processes, dispositions, experiences and immediate social situation
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psychology
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about differentiation and stratification
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social boundaries
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as a society we are a collection of different individuals that differ in terms of gender, race, class ect.
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differentiation
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refers to natural order within a society
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stratification
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a mental illness affecting African American slaves in the 18th and 19th century
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Drapetomania
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The interacting with a patient as a father would with a child—e.g., surrogate decision-making, which may limit autonomy or be contrary to the patient’s wishes
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medical paternilism
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not about the act itself but the consequences from the rules
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deviance
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the process by which the reaction of others spoils normal identity
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stigma
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stigma of belonging to a particular ethnic/origin group
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tribal stigma
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the institutional trajectory of inmates
- social classifications: expert opinions, designations - master status and spoiled identity |
moral career
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restrictions, rituals, and degradation ceremonies
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mortification of the self
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vantage points, lines of surveillance and the omnipresence of physical spaces are constructed in ways that can be read as discursive practices
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Foucault - the gaze
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institutional routines are written on the surfaces of bodies
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Foucault - bio power
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enclosed formally administered form of life
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Goffman - total institution
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a secondary and derivative reality that reflects the primary reality of persons and their interactions
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the psychological reality of self
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are not inherent in bodily individuals, rather, they are collective representations that are socially imbedded in them
- a social fact |
persons
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may reflect the ideal conception or institution of the person that characterizes a given time or place
- interpretive frameworks of accountability |
folk psychologies
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being's reflexive awareness of personal agency and identity
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self
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where we get to deliver our lines and perform
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Goffman's front stage
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private areas of life, we don't have to act we can be our real selves and also practice and prepare for our return to front stage
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Goffman's back stage
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social arrangements which regulate under "one roof" and according to one rational plan, all spheres of individuals' lives
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total institutions
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the self which exists in the context of institutional arrangements
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confined self
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- role dispossestion
- programming and identity trimming - degrading postures and deference patterns - contaminative exposure -restriction of self-determination, autonomy and freedom of actions |
mortification of the self
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state surveillance justified on the basis of ideology
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totalitarian regimes
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tied to survival but occurs in excess of what is needed for survival
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consumption
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operates as a means for making judgements drawing distinctions and is bound up with differential and unequal access to knowledge
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taste
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assemblage of socially constructed and historically specific statuses produced through specific institutional arrangements and descursive practices
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gender
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allow for alternate and historically evolving performances
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breachable boundaries
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the means by which humans acquire the skills and knowledge necessary to perform as a functioning member of society
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socialization
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women as "post-modernist role players" who manipulate dominant and subversive codes
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conflicted hegemony
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a social system in which the male gender role is central to social organization and female subordination
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patriarchy
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a form of hegemonic opression exterting an obligation to conform to masculine standard of appearance
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fashion
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constructed through social networking websites with unique features and architectures
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virtual identities
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captures any data crossing a computer network
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DPI (deep packet inspection)
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