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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is sociology?
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The science of society and group behavior in social situations, social institutions, and social relationships.
The scientific, systematic study of human society. Like all science, it is a four-phase process of invention, discovery, interpretation, and explanation. |
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4 Phases of the scientific method
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Invention
Discovery Interpretation Explanation |
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Invention phase
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a phase of preparation or research design
this phase produces a plan of action How to go about research, method of collecting data, how to get access to the research sight and data |
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Types of research in the invention phase
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Overt
Covert |
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Overt
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open research
you tell your subjects the purpose of your study and that they are being studied |
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Covert
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hidden research
you do not let your subjects know they are being studied, or you give a false purpose or reason for the study |
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Types of analysis in the invention phase
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participant
individual secondary |
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Participant
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the researcher participates in a research setting or with the research subjects while observing what is happening in that setting or with the subjects
The researcher becomes a part of the group being studied |
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Individual
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the researcher does not become a part of the group being studied or participate in the research setting.
The researcher is outside the group being studied. |
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Secondary
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The researcher analyzes data that has already been collected by others
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Discovery phase
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a phase of observation, measurement and data collection
this phase produces information ex: survey, newspapers, observation, biographies, historical records, diaries, and interviews |
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Interpretation phase
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a phase of evaluation, or analysis
This phase produces understanding This is where you look at your data collected and try to discern what is going on. You are trying to see what has occured in your research. Study groups and look for patterns, and norms in social situations. |
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Explanation phase
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a phase of communication, or packaging
This phase produces a message. This can be a lab report, book, paper, speech or notes reporting what you have found through your research |
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Sociology is scientific b/c:
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all four phases must figure into the research and the phases must completed systematically, and in sequencial order
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scientific
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everything is researched and tested
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systematic
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there are a set of rules to follow when doing research
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Social thinkers
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early "sociologists"
drew conclusions based on philosophical principles and not scientific, systematic research made theoretical observations |
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Two things that happened simultaneously which made soc emerge as its own discipline
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Industrial revolution-lots of people moving from rural areas to cities and the beg of social problems in mass numbers
Decreased control/influence by church-science began to have more of an influence |
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Soc emerged equation
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scientific method + social problems = soc emerged
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List of first sociologists or social thinkers (6)
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Auguste Comte
Karl Marx Herbert Spencer Emile Durkheim Georg Simmel Max Weber |
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Auguste Comte
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1798-1857 French
father of sociology was concerned with social order, what holds society together, and why do we have rules, order and why do people followe them and order themselves the way they do? believed soc would reform the entire society making it a better place to live was the first to have the idea of applying sci meth to the social world and social life |
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Karl Marx
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1818-1883 German
founder of conflict perspective believed the primary feature of every societ is class conflict interested in capitalism spec the bourgeosie B or upper class vs proletariat (P) |
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Herbert Spencer
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1820-1903
England 2nd founder of soc believed soc should not guide reform should let soc evolve w/out intervention and as generations pass the most capable and intelligent members of our society will survive while less capable and intelligent will die out--thus society improves his theory was called SOCIAL EVOLUTION and it was his theory not Darwin's which is resp for the phrase "survival of the fittest" |
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Emile Durkheim
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1858-1917 French
Primary professional goal was to get soc recognized as a sep academic disp concerned with large social problems (macro sociology) founder of the functionalist perspective his early ideas led to the creation of the funtionalist persp concerned with how social forces affect people's behavior the 1st soc to use systematic data analysis in the form of statistics to analyze a social problem--suicide |
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Emile Durkheim
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his suicide studies made him famous
he found that suicide rates were lower in bonded societies and higher in less bonded societies found that suicide was not just a random act by random ind but rather social factors underlie suicide rates spec he studied Jews, Catholics, and Protestants Catholics have lower rates bc church has more control and conformity over their lives than Jewish and Protestant faiths |
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Emile Durkheim
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suicide studies
later studies refuted and disproved this by showing that Catholics have more "accidental" deaths than Protestants and Jews on their death cert which beg the question of how many accidental deaths were actually suicide deaths |
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Georg Simmel
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1858-1918 German
very influential to American soc theory and early American soc believed soc should focus on small-group research and small-group interation (micro soc) |
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Max Weber
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1864-1920 German
1st sociologists to specifically talk about research methods and how to apply the scientific method to social problems called "The Methodology of the Social Sciences" he believed soc should be value free soc personal beliefs should not effect research he wanted objectivity and total neutrality to be the hallmark of social research believed this was the only way to keep soc findings unbiased |
