Sociology Test #4

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anarchy

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a condition of lawlesness or political disorder caused by the absence or collapse of governmental authority

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authority

Back 2

power that people consider legitimate, as rightly exercised over them; also called legitimate power

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capitalism

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an economic system characterized by the private ownership of the means of production, the pursuit of profit, and market competition

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charismatic authority

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authority based on an individual's outstanding traits, which attract followers

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citizenship

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the concept that birth (and residence of naturalization) in a country imparts basic rights

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city-state

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an independent city whose power radiates outward, bringing the adjacent area under its rule

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coercion

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power that people do not accept as rightly exercised over them; also called illegitimate power

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conspicuous consumption

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Thorstein Veblen's term for a change from the Protestant ethic to an eagerness to show off wealth by the consumption of goods

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convergence theory

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the view that as capitalist and socialist enonmic systems each adopt features of the other, a hybrid (or mixed) economic system will emerge

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democracy

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a government whose authority comes from the people; the term based on two Greek words, translates literally as "power to the people"

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democratic socilism

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a hubrid economimc system in which the individual ownership of businesses is mixed with the state ownership of industries thought essential to the public welfare, such as the postal service and the delivery of medicine and utilities

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dictatorship

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a form of government in which an individual has sezied power

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direct democracy

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a form of democracy iin which the eligible voters meet together to discuess issues and make their decisions

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economy

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a system of producing and distributing goods and services

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global superclass

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a small group of highly interconnected individuals in which welath and power are so concentrated that they make the world's major decisions

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laissez-faire capitalism

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unrestrained manufacture and trade (literally, "hands off" capitalism)

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lobbyists

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people who influence legislation on behalf of their clients

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market forces

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the law of supply and demand

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monarchy

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a form of government headed by a king or queen

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oligarchy

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a form of government in which a small group of individuals holds power; the rule of the many by the few

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pluralism

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the diffusion of power among many interest groups that pervents any single group from gaining control of the government

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political action committee (PAC)

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a group whose purpose is to solicit and spend funds for the purpose of influencing legislation

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power elite

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C. Wright Mills' term for the top people in US corporations military, and politics who make the nation's major decisions

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rational-legal authority

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authority nased on law or written rules and regulations; also called bureaucratic authority

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representative democracy

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a form of democracy in which voters elect representatives to meet together to discuss issues and make decisions on their behalf

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routinization of charisma

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the transfer of authoiry from a charismatic figure to either a traditional or a rational-legal form of authority

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ruling class

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another term for the power elite

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socialism

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an economic system characterized y the public ownership of the means of production, central planning and the distibution of goods without a profit motive

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special-interest group

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a group of people who support a particular issue and who can be mobilized for political action

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state

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a political entity that claims monopoly on the use of violence in sense particular territory; commonly known as a country

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subsistence economy

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a type of economy in which human groups live off the land and have little or no surplus

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terrorism

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the use of violence or the threat of violence to produce fear in order to attain political objectives

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totalitarianism

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a form of government that exerts almost total control over people

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traditional authority

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authority based on custom

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universal citizenship

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the idea that everyone has the same basic rights by virtue of being born in a country (or by immigrating and becoming a naturalized citizent)

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voter apathy

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indifference and inaction toward politics on the part of individuals or groups

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born again

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a term describing Christinas who have undergone a religious experience so life transforming that they feel they have become new persons

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charisma

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literally, an extraordinary gift from God; more commonly, an outstanding, "magnetic" personality

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charismatic leader

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literally, someone to whom God has given a gift; more commonly, someone who exerts extraordinary appeal to a group of followers

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church

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according to Durheim, a moral community of belivers-one of the three essential elements of religion; also refers to a large, highly organized religious group that has formal, sedate worship service and little emphasis on evangelism, intense religious experience, or personal conversion

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cosmology

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teachings or ideas that provide a unified picture of the world

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credential society

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the use of diplomas and degrees to determine who is eligible for jobs, even though the diploma or degree may be irrelevant to the actual work

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cult

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a new religioun with few followers, whose teachings and practices put it at odds with the dominant culture and religion

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cultural transmission of values

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the process of transmitting values from one group to another; often used in reference to how cultural traits are trasmitted across generations and, in education, the ways in which schools trasmit a society's values

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denomination

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a "brand name" within a major religion; for example, Methodist or Baptist

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ecclesia

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a religious group so integrated into the dominant culture that it is difficult to tell where the one begins and the other leaves off; also called a state religion

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functional iliterate

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a high school graduate who has difficulty with basic reading and math

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grade inflation

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higher grades given for the same work; general rise in student grades without a corresponding increase in learning

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hidden curriculum

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the unwritten goals of schools, such as teaching obedience to authority and conformity to cultural norms

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latent functions

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unintended beneficial consequences of people's actions

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mainstreaming

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becoming part of the mainstream of society; often refers to people with disabilities

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manifest functions

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the intended beneficial consequences of peole's actions

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profane

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Durheim's term for common elements of everyday life

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Protestand ethic

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Weber's term to describe the ideal of a self-denying, highly moral life accompanied by had work and frugality

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religion

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according to Durkehim, beliefs and practices that separate the profane from the sacred and united their adherents into a moral community

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religious experience

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a sudden awareness of the supernatural or a feeling of coming in contact with God

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rituals

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ceremonies or repetitive practices; in religioun, often intended to evoke a sense of awe of the sacred

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sacred

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Durkheim's term for thing set apart or forbidden, that inspire fear, awe, reverence, or deep respect

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sect

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a religious group larger than a cult that still feels substantial hostility from and toward society

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self-fulfilling prophecy

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Robert Merton's term for an originally false assertion that become true simply because it was predicted

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social capital

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privileges accompanying a social location that help someone in life; included are more highly educated parents, from grade school through high school being pushed to bring home high grades and enjoying cultural experiences that translate into higher test scores, better jobs and higher earnings

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social placement

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a function of education-funneling people into a society's various positions

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social promotion

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passing students on to the next level even though they have not mastered basic materials

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spirit of capitalism

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Weber's term for the desire to accumulate capital-not to spend it, but as an end in itself-and to constantly reinvest it

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tracking

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in education, the sorting of students into different programs on the basis of real or perceived abilities

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alienation

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marx's term for workers' lack of communication to the product of their labor; caused by their being assigned repetitive tasks on a small part of aproduct, which leads to a sense of pwerlessness and normlessness; others use the term in the genral sens of not feeling a part of something

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basic demographic equation

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growth rate equals births minus deaths plus net migration

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city

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a place in which a large number of people are permanently based and do not produce their own food

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crude birth rate

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the annual number of live births per 1000 population

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crude death rate

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the annual number of deaths per 1000 population

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deindustialization

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the process of industries moving out a country or region

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demographic transition

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a 3 stage historical process of population growth; first, high birth rates and high death rates; second, high birth rates and low death rates; and thrid, low birth rates and low death rates; a fourth state in which deaths outnumber births has made its appearance in the Most Industrialized nations

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demographic variables

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the three factors and influence population growth: fertility, mortality, and net migration

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disinvestment

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the withdrawl of investments by financial instituions, which seals the fate of an urban area

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ege city

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a large clustering of service facilities and residential areas near highwayintersections that provides a sense of place to people who live, shop and work there

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enterprise zone

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the use of enonmic incentives in a designated area to encourage investment

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exponential growth curve

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a pattern of growth in which numbers double during approximately equal intervals, shoing a steep acceleration in the later stages

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fecundity

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the number of children that women are capable of bearing

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fertility rate

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the number of children that the average woman bears

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fieldwork

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research in which the researching participates in a setting while observing what is happening in that setting; also called participant observation

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gentrification

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middle-class people moving in to a rundown area of a city, displacing the poor as they buy and restore homes

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growth rates

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the net change in a population after adding birth, substracting deaths and either adding or subtracting net migration

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human ecology

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Robert Park's term fo rthe relationship between people and their environment (such as land and structure) also known as urban ecology

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invasion-succession cycle

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the process of one group of people displacing a group whose racial-ethnic or social class characteristics differ from their own

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Malthus theorem

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an observations by Thomas Malthus that although the food supply increases arithmetically (from 1 to 2 to 3 to 4 and so on), population grows geometrically (from 2 to 4 to 8 to 16 and so forth)

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megacity

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a ciety of 10 million or more residents

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megalopolis

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an urban area consisting of at least two metropolises and their many subrubs

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metropolis

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a central city surrounded by smaller cities and their suburbs

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metropolitan statistical area (MSA)

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a central city and the urbanized countries adjacent to it

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net migration rate

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th difference between the number of immigrants and emigrants per 1000 population

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population pyramid

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a chart or graph that represent the age and sex of apopulation

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population shrinkage

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the process by which a country's population becomes smaller because its birth rate and immigration are too low to replace those who die and emigrate

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redlining

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a decision by the officers of a financial istitution not to make loans in a particular area

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suburb

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a community adjacent to acity

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suburbanization

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the movement from the city to the subrubs

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urban renewal

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the rehabilitation fo a rundown area, which usually results in the displacemnt of the poor who are living in that area

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urbanization

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the process by which an increaing proportion of population lives in cities and those cities attainig and growing influences on the culture

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zero population growth

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women bearing only enough children to reproduce the population

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alternative social movement

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a social movement that seeks to alter some specific aspect people or instituions

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cultural lag

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Ogburn's term for human behavior lagging behind technological innovations

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dialectical process (of history)

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each arragment of power (a thesis) contains contractions (antitheses) which make the arrangement unstable; the process continues as the new synthesis to resolve the contradictions contains its own antitheses

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diffusion

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the spread of an invention or a discovery from one area to another; identified by William Ogburn as one of three processes of social change

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discovery

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a new way of seeing reality; identified by William Ogburn as one of three processes of social change

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ecosabotage

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actions taken to sabotage the efforts of people who are though to be legally harming the environment

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environmental injustice

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refers to how minorities and the poor are harmed by the most environmental pollution

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global warming

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an increase in the earth's temperature due to the greenhouse effect

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invention

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the combination of existing elements and materials to form nes ones; identified by William Ogburn as one of three processes of social change

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metaformative social movement

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a social movement that has the goal to change the social order not just of acountry or two, but of a civilizaton, or even of the entire world

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modernization

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the transformation of traditional societies into industrial societies

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postmodern society

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a society in which chief characteristic is the use of tools that extend human abilities to gather and analyze information, to communicate, and to travel; also called posindustrial and information society

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proactive social movement

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a social movment that promotes some social change

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propaganda

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in its broad sense, information used to try to influence people; it its narrow sense, one-sided information used to try to influence people

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public opinion

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how people think about some issue

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reactive social movement

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a social movement that resists some social change

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redemptive social movement

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a social movement that resists some social change and instituions toally, to redeem them

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reformative socail movement

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a social that seeks to reform some specific aspect of society

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resource mobilization

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a theory that social movements succeed to fail based on their ability to mobilize resources such as time, money, and people's skills

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social change

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the alteration of culture and societies over time

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social movement organization

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an organization founded to promote the goals of a social movement

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sustainable enviornment

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a world system that takes into account the limits of the enviornment, produces enough material goods for everyone's needs, and leaves a sound environment for the next generation

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tranformative social movement

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a social movement that seeks to change society totally, to transform it

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transnational social movement

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a social movement whose goal is to change some conditions around the world, not just a conditions in a specific country; also known as a new social movement