Sociology Exam 3

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race

Back 1

a group of people who share physical characteristics, such as skin color and facial features

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ethnic groups

Back 2

a set of people who identify with a common national origin or cultural heritage (Ex: German American, Italian American)

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racial-ethnic groups

Back 3

a category of people that has both distinctive physical and cultural characteristics (Ex: Asian American, Hispanic)

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dominant group

Back 4

any physically or culturally distinctive group that has the most economic and political power, the greatest privileges, and the highest social status; not always the majority in size

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apartheid

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minority is the dominant group in number

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minority group

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a group of people who may be subject to differential and unequal treatment because of physical, cultural , or other characteristics

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1. Unequal treatment
2. Physical and/or cultural talents
3. Ascribed status
4. Solidarity
5. In-group marriage (changing)

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5 Properties of Minorities

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Functionalism

Back 8

(Sociological Explanation of Racial Equality)

argues that newcomers must-assimilate by adopting the dominant group’s ways; racial-ethnic inequality provides a large pool of cheap labor; racial-ethnic inequality maintains the dominant group’s current status; discrimination can be dysfunctional

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Conflict

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(Sociological Explanation of Racial Equality)

see ongoing strife between dominant and minority groups; dominant groups protect their power and privilege; economic inequality perpetuates racial hierarchies; economic stratification pits minorities against each other and lower-income whites

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Feminist

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(Sociological Explanation of Racial Equality)

stress gender racism; minority women face discrimination based on race, gender, and social class

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Symbolic Interactionist

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(Sociological Explanation of Racial Equality)

contact hypothesis; have individuals of other groups work together to develop an appreciation for diverse cultures (must be individuals of the same status/power level); we learn our attitudes, we learn prejudice and discrimination

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brain drain

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people who immigrate to the U.S. in the last 100 years are the best/smartest in their country, plan to go back, but end up staying; draining the best from other societies

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genocide

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the systematic attempt to kill all members of a particular ethnic, religious, political, racial, or national group; lowest both on equality and tolerance (Ex: colonists - indians, holocaust)

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segregation

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the physical and social separation of dominant and minority groups

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assimilation

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the process of conforming to the culture of the dominant groups (Ex: learning the language, intermarrying)

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pluralism

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minority groups exist separately but enjoy access to resources across all institutions; all groups retaining own culture but have equal standing

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African Americans

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* second largest group in the U.S.
* only group brought to the U.S. involuntarily
* experience high rates of poverty

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American Indians

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* 15% of the population
* more than 560 recognized tribes
* high rates of poverty
* economic progress in recent years

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Middle Eastern Americans

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* heterogenous population
* most are muslim
* tend to be better educated and wealthier than other Americans
* prejudice and discrimination increased after 9/11

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Latinos/Hispanics

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* largest minority group
* half of the new immigrants are latino
* latinos are a diverse group
* median household income of latinos is 72% of that of whites
* many latinos become successful

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prejudice

Back 21

an attitude, positive or negative, towards people because of their group membership

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discrimination

Back 22

an action or behavior, positive or negative, toward people because of their group membership

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stereotype

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an oversimplified or exaggerated generalization about a category or people

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ethnocetrism

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a belief that one’s own culture, society, or group is inherently superior to others (what prejudice and discrimination are based on)

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racism

Back 25

most severe, the belief that one race is superior to all others, the others are inferior

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cultural relavism

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not judging against your own culture, trying to understand why another culture may do things differently

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1. Aware Blatant

2. Aware Covert

3. Unaware Intentional

4. Unaware Self-righteous

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Yamatio's 4 Types of Racism

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aware blatant

Back 28

individual is aware they have racist tendencies and make others aware they are so

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aware covert

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individual is aware they have racist tendencies, do not want others to know, may avoid those who they are racist against, but do not verbalize it

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unaware unintentional

Back 30

individual is unaware, may act out in a racist way but do not realize it

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unaware self-righteous

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individual is unaware they are acting is a racist way but sincerely want to help them

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hate crimes

Back 32

criminal offense committed because of the offenders bias against race, religion, national origin, gender or sexual orientation

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effects of discrimination

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experienced by all minority groups

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white privilege

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being able to go out and feel like a part of society, being able to send your children to school and not worry about them being picked on or harassed because of their race

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institutional discrimination

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the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups that result from the normal operations of a society; many resent these programs citing reverse discrimination

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sex

Back 36

the biological characteristics which we were born (chromosomes, anatomy, hormones)

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gender

Back 37

learned attitudes and behaviors that characterize people of one sex or the other

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gender identity

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a perception of self as either male or female

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gender roles

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characteristics, attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that society expects of males and females

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gender socialization

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women’s gender roles, men’s gender roles; gender roles and gender role socialization make us “fit” in society

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Functionism

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(Sociological Explanation of Gender Inequality and Sexuality)

view the division of gender roles as functional for society; males: instrumental roles, females: expressive roles; orderly sexuality is a critical for reproduction of society

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Conflict

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(Sociological Explanation of Gender Inequality and Sexuality)

power gained early in human history, biological underpinning; focuses on gender inequality: sees gender inequality built into the social structure

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Feminist

Back 43

(Sociological Explanation of Gender Inequality and Sexuality)

agree with conflict theorists; focus on gender inequality; women put in a second shift; sexuality is the root of inequality

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Symbolic Interactionist

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(Sociological Explanation of Gender Inequality and Sexuality)

everyday process that produce and reinforce gender roles; gender inequality is a social construction; inequality results from learning gender roles and learning sexuality; examples of what we “do” based on our gender and those expectations

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sexism

Back 45

an attitude or behavior that discriminates against one sex, usually women, based on one’s assumption that one sex is more superior to the other

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gender stratification

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people’s unequal access to wealth, power, status, prestige, and other valued resources

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1. Sexual harassment is especially common in male-dominated occupations.
2. Women are much less likely to be elected to office, especially at a high level.

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Examples of Gender Inequality

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1. Grow 1/2 of the world’s food, but rarely own land.
2. Make up 1/3 of the workforce, but are generally found in the lowest paying positions.

Back 48

Women Worldwide

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women make .82 c to a man's $1

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gender pay gap

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1. On average, men’s domestic work has increased.
2. Sexual harassment became illegal with Civil Rights Act of 1964.
3. Federal Prejudice Discrimination Act makes it illegal for employers to penalize pregnant women
4. Women’s representatives in government going up.

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Advances Towards Equality

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Intersectionality Theory

Back 51

intersection of race, class, and gender;

Patricia Hill Collins; you can’t just focus on one aspect, but have to look at all the factors because they are interwoven

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sexual orientation

Back 52

a preference of sexual partners of the same same sex, opposite sex, or of both sexes

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* 4% of American identify as homosexual
* 5% describe themselves as bisexual
* 2% identify themselves as transgender

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Sexual Identity in the U.S.

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* In 1999, Vermont became the first state to recognize equal marriage rights for same-sex couples through civil unions.
* In 2004, Massachusetts became the first state to recognize same-sex marriages.
* A majority of Americans support civil unions.
* A majority of Americans oppose same-sex marriages.

Back 54

Views of Same Sex Marriage

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* 50% of pregnancies are unplanned
* 50% of unplanned pregnancies end in abortion
* 25% of all pregnancies end in abortion

Back 55

Abortion Rates

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age 75 for males, age 81 for females

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Life Expectancy in the U.S.

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1. Elderly experience unequal treatment
2. Elderly share physical characteristics different from those of young people
3. Membership is involuntary
4. Solidarity
5. Endogamous marriage

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5 Basic Properties of Elderly as a Minority Group

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centenarians

Back 58

people who are over 100

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Functionalism

Back 59

(Sociological Explanation of Family and Aging)

aging is functional, turn over of roles to younger individuals

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Activity Theory

Back 60

proposes that older people who remain engaged in roles and activities are better adjusted and satisfied

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Conflict

Back 61

(Sociological Explanation of Family and Aging)

contend that families are sources of social inequality, family perpetuates stratification

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Feminist

Back 62

(Sociological Explanation of Family and Aging)

emphasize the inequality of gender roles; patriarchal structure still today

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Symbolic Interactionist

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(Sociological Explanation of Family and Aging)

look at how people create meanings of family and it’s members’ roles

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sandwich generation

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adults caring for their own kids as well as aging parents or grandparents; the majority of caregivers are women

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1. Changes in social security benefits
2. Shift away from hard labor
3. Workers want to remain active
4. Health insurance and pension benefits
5. Life expectancy has increased
6. Health has improved

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Retirement is Increasing at Older Ages Because:

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ageism

Back 66

prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s age

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Social Institutions

Back 67

organized patterns of beliefs and behaviors that are centered on basic social need; family is the most important social institution to most people (group we are a member our entire lives)

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family is a cultural universal

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a part of the social structure in society; found in every society but who is considered family is different among cultures

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Functionalism

Back 69

(Sociological Perspective on Family)

family is a key part of society

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Conflict

Back 70

(Sociological Perspective on Family)

major institutions (including families) just help those who have power to maintain it; family is a mirror of the inequality that already exists within and between families; children affected by parents

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Feminist

Back 71

(Sociological Perspective on Family)

agree with conflict; see family as a mechanism for men’s exploitation of women and children (not all feminists agree); women put in a first shift at work and a second shift at home; feminization of poverty

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Interactionist

Back 72

(Sociological Perspective on Family)

how and what we think is impacted by family; our social behavior is conditioned by the roles we play, shaped by and learned in the family unit

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1. Reproduction

2. Regulate sexual behavior

3. Socialization

4. Economic security and social status (social placement)

5. Emotional support

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Family's Functions

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family

Back 74

a group of people related by blood, marriage, and adoption or those who consider themselves to by family

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1. Nuclear family - family made up of married parents and their biological children
2. Extended family - two or more generations live together or in adjacent dwellings

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Family Types

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family of origin

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family you were born into

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family of procreation

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the family you and your partner created when you have your first child

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monogamy

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one person is married exclusively to another person

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serial monogamy

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individuals marry several people by only one at a time

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polygamy

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a man or woman has two or more spouses

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polygyny

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1 husband, 2 or more wives

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polyadry

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1 wife, 2 or more wives

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kin groups

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larger and encompass family generations; include: household units as well as aunts/uncles, cousins, in-laws, grandparents, etc.; often feel a sense of attachment and obligation to kin groups

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bilateral descent

Back 84

related on both sides of the family (descent in the U.S.)

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matrilineal descent

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related on mother's side

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partilineal descent

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related on father's side

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matriarchal authority

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the oldest females control cultural, political, and economic resources

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patrilineal authority

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the oldest men control cultural, political, and economic resources

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egalitarian authority

Back 89

both partners share power and authority equally

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patrilocal residence

Back 90

newly married couple lives with husband’s family

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matrilocal residence

Back 91

newly married couple lives with the wife’s family

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neolocal

Back 92

the newly married couple sets up its own residence

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marriage

Back 93

socially approved mating relationship that people expect to be stable and enduring

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exogamy

Back 94

marry outside a group

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African Americans

Back 95

emphasis on religious commitment, want children to have higher achievement than they did

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Native Americans

Back 96

emphasis on extended families/kinship and family heritage, familism

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Mexican Americans

Back 97

families, machoism, familism, marianismo

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Asian Americans

Back 98

extended families, discipline, educational success

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Middle Eastern Americans

Back 99

extended families, respect, and education

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familism

Back 100

family first, then what’s good for me

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marianismo

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male dominance, women’s top role is mother

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boomerang generation

Back 102

young adults move back into their parents’ home or never leave

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divorce

Back 103

rates since 1980 have consistently dropped, 41% of Americans go through through this

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stepfamily

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Created when at least one of the person’s in a new family (marriage) has children from a previous marriage.

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cohabitation

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“living together”; 30x higher today than 50 years ago; marriage afterwards is less likely to succeed

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* Singles are increasing in the U.S.
* 45% of residents age 15 and over
* includes divorced, widowed, and never married
* major factor is postponement of marriage

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Singlehood

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transgender

Back 107

belief that they were not born true gender

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life course

Back 108

stages we go through in life

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1. Neglect

2. Financial abuse

Back 109

Most Common Forms of Elder Abuse

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1. Unequal treatment

2. Common/similar traits

3. Ascribed status

4. Solidarity

5. In-group marriage

Back 110

5 Properties/Characteristics of a Minority Group

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Yes

Back 111

Can you have prejudice without discrimination?

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Yes

Back 112

Can you have discrimination without prejudice?

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No

Back 113

Is romantic love the cultural universal for marriage?

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2 or less

Back 114

Number of children that Americans consider ideal today

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both

Back 115

Who is best a networking: men, women, or both?

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discrimination

Back 116

All immigrants have experienced _____.

Front 117

endogamy

Back 117

marry within a group (Ex: race, religion)