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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Looking Glass Self
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Cooley; we see others as mirrors of ourselves
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Symbolic Interactionist Theory
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Meade; taking the role of the other, you are born without any concept of self; we have as many selves as we have groups whose opinions we care about
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Self-fulfilling prophesy of Symbolic Interaction
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biography affects how people see you which affect your concept of self which affects how others see you…
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Labeling Theory
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high amount of primary deviation, but some people get caught and are labeled as deviant. This leads to secondary deviation.
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Primary deviation
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acts that are deviant but infrequent and don’t color our identity so we rationalize them as acceptable
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Secondary deviation
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response to having been labeled: finding a new identity by way of deviant behavior
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Steps after someone is caught in primary deviant act
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1. Labeled as delinquent
2. Retrospective interpretation 3. Master Status 4. Selective Perception 5. Blocked Opportunities 6. Role Imprisonment 7. Role engulfment 8. Secondary Deviance |
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how many males and females have committed a felony
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2/3 males, 1/3 females
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percent males that engage in a homosexual act
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30-40%
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only social control agency that doesn’t reinforce delinquency
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Military
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All psycho-therapeutic groups who make you redefine yourself as a deviant are considered
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Retrospective Interpretation
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Criticisms of Labeling Theory
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fails to explain primary deviance
radical with few policy implications doesn't discuss how ppl are successful in avoiding the negative consequences of labeling |
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Anomie Theory
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Robert K. Merton
cultural goals vs. institutional means; models of adaptation; inequality; American Dream and American means |
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definition of "anomie"
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normlessness
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Merton's 4 Models of Adaptation
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Ritualism
Innovation Rebellion Retreatism |
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+ conventional goals
-- conventional means |
Innovation
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-- conventional goals
+ conventional means |
Ritualism
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-- conventional goals
-- conventional means |
Retreatism
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+/- conventional goals
+/- conventional means replace old dream with new one free from strains of former dream Ex. = revolution |
Rebellion
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percent of Americans who are poor and can't attain American dream
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17%
they make half of median income |
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Why have lower paying service jobs replaced unionized industrial jobs?
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outsourcing and mechanization
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Criticisms of Merton's Anomie Theory
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can't explain:
1. counter-culture of 1960s 2. why ppl chose various models of adaptation 3. non-utilitarian crimes like rape 4. white collar crime |
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Differential Opportunity Theory
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Cloward and Ohlin
You don't just turn to life of crime. you have to consider access to both illegitimate and legitimate opportunity structures Retreatist = double failure System vs. Self-blaming Type 2 Retreatist |
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Criticisms of Differential Opportunity Theory
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doesn't explain:
1. antisocial behavior at an early age 2. doesn't explain why some kids don't follow illegal opportunities 3. doesn't explain white collar crime |
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when no one invests in community because they want to get out; not much social control
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Social Disorganization
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Early Formulation (concentric theory of city growth) was thought up by:
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Shaw and McKay
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Collective Efficacy
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Robert Sampson
shared values, mutual trust, community problem solvin |
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Structural Transformation of Economy in terms of social disorganization
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William Julius Wilson
outsourcing = industry jobs replaced by service jobs --> out migration of inner-city neighborhoods --> intense concentrations of poverty |
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The negative consequences of dilapidation
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Rodney Stark
reduces pride in community demoralizing people move successful business won't come lenient law enforcement |
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The epidemic perspective
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as crime rates rise, the next generation will see crime as normal and thus deviance spreads like an epidemic
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feedback process
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William Skogan
crime affects community structure and vice versa fear of crime reduces collective efficacy |
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Criticisms of Early Formation Theory about Collective Efficacy and such
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Studies should control for family processes
Needs to examine the interaction of community and family factors |
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Social Disorganization Theory
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minorities are more likely to experience lack of collective efficacy due to:
most poor blacks live in bad areas 70% poor whites live in good areas Poor Marriage market= many single parents |
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Incarceration rates of blacks are higher in...
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states where blacks are largely concentrated in inner-city cores
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General Strain Theory/Coercion Theory
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you get angry when treated unfairly and will respond hostily to future events
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Racial Socialization
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when parents warn kids of racism they will face; it dramatically decreases anger and hostile view of relationships
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percent of gun owners who are not hunters
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90%
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instrumentality hypothesis of gun homicides
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assaults with guns more likely to be fatal
mass murders are done with guns drive by shootings crimes of passion = majority of homicides |
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Deterrence Hypothesis
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people are more hesitant to rob someone if they have a gun
1% of gun homicides are self-defense many ppl show guns to scare without intending to use them |
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Policy Recommendations to reduce correlation btw guns and violence
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expand Brady Bill
stiffen penalties for gun carrying without a license require locked storage renew ban on assault rifles |
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Family Stress Model
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Robert Conger
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theorist of Victimization
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Hans von Hentig
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theorist of micro strain theory
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Robert Agnew
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Macro strain theorist (ANOMIE Theory)
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Robert Merton
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Soncial Control perspective of Labeling Theory applied to adolecents
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Eric Stewart
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Social Control perspective of Labeling
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Sampson and Laub
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Symbolic Interactionist perspective of Labeling theory
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Howard S. Becker and Erving Goffman
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Power Control Theory
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John Hagan
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Integrated Marxist Theory of Delinquency
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Colvin and Pauly
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Routine Activist Theory says deviance takes place when...
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Motivated Offender
Suitable Target Absence of Capable Guardian |
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age at which spanking is ok
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2-6yrs old if administered mildly by caring parents
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percent of reported larceny that is shoplifting
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15%
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Index Crimes
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Murder, Rape, Criminal Homicide, Robbery, Aggravated Assault
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most under-reported crime
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Forcible Rape
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typical robber
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90% are YOUNG
54% are black 45% are white |
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Legal drugs kill ___ times # of Americans that illegal drugs kill.
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30
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