Sociology Test #1

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Sociology

Back 1

-Scientific study of social structure
-Group behavior (social)
Does NOT study individual behavior
*behavior*
(only 100 years old)

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Social structure

Back 2

What we study
our basic unit
a custom
social habit

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sociological imagination

Back 3

ability to perceive a social event politically (sociologically)

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micro-level analysis

Back 4

small groups: family, friends, sunday school class.

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macro-level analysis

Back 5

cities, company (GM), possibly a state

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**Human Ecology**

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Behaviors
Studies humans
4 Theoretical perspectives:
1) human ecology
2)social interactionism
3) functionalism
4) conflict theory

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Human ecology

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focuses on space, time, population
ie. viewing ants
ALL are strong on prediction, weak on explanation
Example study: Single interviews of all in group. (Why are you here? Why diid you come in when you did?)

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Social Interactionism

Back 8

POV about studying individuals and what the behavior means to them. (What are you thinking when you do what you do?)
Only studies micro-small groups
KEYWORDS: Symbols, meaning, micro-sociology

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Functionalism

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Theory argues that social structures exist because they function for society.
KEYWORDS: Order, concensus, purpose, meeting societal needs.
KNOW EXAMPLES!

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Conflict Theory

Back 10

KEYWORDS: Force, power, who benefits, control

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Scientific Method

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Study material is the world

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Hypothesis

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Way of stating a concept. Putting human question into mathematical format.
4 ways:
>A>B
>A<B
<A>B
<A<B

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Variable

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The Effect of something-"depends on" something to be what it is.
Something to measure.
Must be able to go up and down.
Sudying objects.
Promotes natural causes to natural events (ordinary).

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Independant Variable

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The cause-Social class

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Experimental group

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Given treatment in the study

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Control Group

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NOT given treatment in the studay (ie. The Smart Pill)

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Hawthorne Effect

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People change the way they act when they know they are being studied.

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participant observation

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Scientist lives amont the people being studied.

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Theory

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Generalization built from the data. Attempt to explain variables.

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Norms

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Ideas about how behavior should be (Like a moral) about right and wrong, thought embedded with right and wrong.

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Mores

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Do not rape, kill, etc. (Typically the most heinous felonies are mores. Things that would get everyone upset.)

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Folkways

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Milder than mores- Be polite, don't tailgate, try to eat well, shake hands, etc.

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Values

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Usually one word-Refer to a standard of importance: Courage, freedom, persistance, cleanliness

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Linguistic Relativity

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Famous social science that argues that language is what makes something real. Language CREATES reality. All other forms of reality that don't exist with language just shouldn't exist. (Controversial)

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Signals

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Code that represents something else, is inborn, happens the same way (fixed), is non-cumulative, simple, universal.
(These are generated at the top of the spinal column.)
ie: Blinking, breathing, craying, gasping. It REFLECTS something.

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Symbol

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Code that represents something else BUT it is learned, arbitrary, cumulative, can be complex, and is group specific.
ie: All the english words we use, music
(decoded on the left side of the neo-cortex.)

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Language

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Sophisticated system of symbols.
(No difference in kind, but difference in quantity that separates us from the beasts.)

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Culture

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Shared language-based mental world of a socioculture (a human society). Creates our mental reality.

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Ethnocentrism

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Belief that "My group does it beset."

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Cultural relativism

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REFUSES to evaluate anyone's trades. Unwilling to judge.
"Well, Hitler was just doing what he thought was best. Perhaps it was his upbringing, etc."

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Social CATEGORY

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(4)There are four of them. Largest category IS the social category.
A collection of individuals who are grouped together because they share a trait deemd by the observer to be socially relevant (e.g., sex, race, or age)
(All in the NAVY, all who are sleeping, etc.)

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Social GROUP

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(3)A set of two or more individuals who share a sense of common identity and belonging and who interact on a regular basis. (This class, three friends, etc.)

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SOCIETY

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(2)Largely self-sufficient autonomous group.

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AGGREGATE

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(5)A bunch of individuals who are near eachother, but are unorganized (people waiting for a bus, people on the beach.)

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SOCIOCULTURE

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(1) A human Society. (All of Peru, Japan, Germany.) HUMAN ONLY.

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Example TEST QUESTION:
American Navaho Indians are best described as a:

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GROUP

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Status

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A position within a group

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Role

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The behavior expected of a status

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Role Expectations

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What the other members of the society anticipate you will do.

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Subculture

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A SUB-population within a society with a distinctive lifestyle. (Lifestyle of a prison inmate, or someone at bootcamp is DIFFERENT)

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Counterculture

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When a subculture goes AGAINST SOCIETY. (Hippies challenged middle class lifestyle.)

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Primary Group

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Small. Individuals are the end in itself. Intrinsic value. NOT easily substituted.

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Secondary Group

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Individuals are means to an end. Extrinsic value. Easily substituted. All beurocracies are secondary groups.

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Role Conflict

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conflict for an individual because of many groups. (All want a piece of you. Can't satisfy all.)(Parents who are working must put in extra time, which cuts into time with children.)

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Role Strain

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People experience conflicting demands in an existing role, or cannot meet the expectations of a new one. (Triage nurse experiences sever role strain.)

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Ascribed Status

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Can't be changed (peasant, slave, 6 toes, etc.)

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Achieved Status

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CAN be changed
(Professor, editor, Nobel Prize winner)

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Socialization

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The child reasing process by which humans and animals learn to be part of a group.

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Id

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Baby-human infant, wants needs met, now, here.

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Superego

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Conscience-our morals-what we ought to do

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Ego

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PERSONALITY formed out of content between Id and Superego.

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Significant Other

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Anyone who had an important influence on us. Anyone who impacts us. (Who is important to us)

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Generalized Other

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A person's internalized conception of the expectations and attitudes held by society. Other people who's opinions we care and worry about.

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Socialization Agents

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People who are important to our upbringing.

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Reference Group

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People who we identify with around us.