Sociology Test 1

Front 1

sociology perspective

Back 1

understanding human behavior by placing it within its broader social context

Front 2

plagiarism

Back 2

using someone else's work

Front 3

culture

Back 3

learned and shared ways of believing and doing including language, beliefs, values, norms, material objects

Front 4

value contradictions

Back 4

values that we hold but contradict
ie. women were not able to vote, create change

Front 5

ethnocentrism

Back 5

using one's own ways of doing things as a yardstick to measure other cultures

positive- in-group loyalties
negative-can lead to discrimianation

Front 6

technology

Back 6

in a narrow sense=tools
broad sense= skills or procedures necessary to make and use those tools

Front 7

positivism

Back 7

application of scientific method to the social world

Front 8

culture shock

Back 8

disorientation people experience when immersed in a different culture

Front 9

culture lag

Back 9

some parts of a cultural change (material culture) while other parts lag behind (non-material culture)

Front 10

symbol

Back 10

something to which people attach meanings and then use to communicate with others
ie. include language,gestures, values, norms, sanctions, folkways, and mores

Front 11

case of isabelle

Back 11

case of isolated children with deaf mom. Discovered at age 6 1/2. Later could read and write and became normal

conclusion: humans have no natural language

Front 12

gestures

Back 12

ways in which people use their bodies to communicate with one another

Front 13

skeels and dye study

Back 13

in a orphanage. infants thought to be mentally retarded were assigned to women who nurtured them

conclusion:high intelligence depends on early close relationship= close stimulation

Front 14

social darwinism

Back 14

survival of the fittest

Front 15

charles horton cooley

Back 15

coined term, "looking glass self"
sense of self from interactions with others
3 elements
-we imagine how we appear to those around us
-we interpret others' reactions
-we develop a self-concept

Front 16

class conflict

Back 16

developed by Karl Marx. a conflict between rich(capitalists) and working class

Front 17

language

Back 17

primary way of which people communicate. It allows culture to develop

Front 18

material culture

Back 18

things,stuff , jewelry,art,weapons, hairstyles, eating utensils, and clothing

Front 19

non-material culture

Back 19

beliefs,values, language, rituals, gestures.

Front 20

sapir-whorf hypothesis

Back 20

language creates ways of thinking and perceiving

Front 21

jane adams

Back 21

founded hull house. only sociologists to win noble peace prize

Front 22

george mead

Back 22

developed concept that children learn to take role of others-role taking ie. family
3 stages
-imitation from under age 3
-play from age 3-6
-team games from age 6-7

Front 23

conflict theory

Back 23

theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are competing for scarce resources

Front 24

values

Back 24

what people think is desirable in life
standard of good and bad

Front 25

significant others

Back 25

an individual who significantly influences someone else's life

Front 26

norms

Back 26

expectations or rules of behavior

Front 27

sanctions

Back 27

reactions to the ways people follow norms
ie. positive getting a raise
negative getting fired

Front 28

piaget's stages of development and reasoning

Back 28

1. sensory motor (birth-2) sensory stimuli- touch and sight
2.preoperational (2-7) ability to use symbols
3.concrete operational (7-12) reasoning ability more complex but not capable of complex abstractions
4.formal operational (12 and up) abstract thinking

Front 29

symbolic interactions

Back 29

society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another

Front 30

freud's id, ego, superego

Back 30

id- inborn self-centered desires
ego- balances id+superego
superego-conscience

ie.id wants to eat. ego says lets eat later. superego thinks your a fat ass

Front 31

hypothesis

Back 31

statement of how variables are expected to be related to one another, often according to predictions from a theory

Front 32

random sample

Back 32

sample in which everyone in the target population has the same chance of being included in the study

Front 33

participant observation

Back 33

field work in research setting

Front 34

folkways

Back 34

norms that are not strictly enforced

ie. picking your nose

Front 35

mores

Back 35

norms that are strictly enforced-essential to our core values

ie.stealing,rape,laws

Front 36

Goldberg and Lewis study

Back 36

mothers study of gender socialization, mothers keep daughters close. daughters wanted more hugs while sons wanted to play

Front 37

taboos

Back 37

strongly ingrained that the thought of its violation is revolting
ie. sex w/ parents

Front 38

agent of socialization

Back 38

people and groups that influence one's self-concept, emotions, attitudes, and behaviors. This includes family, mass media, neighborhoods, religion, daycare, school and peers, sports and the work place

Front 39

subculture

Back 39

values and related behaviors of a group that distinguish its members from the larger culture; a world within a world

Front 40

melvin kohn's study

Back 40

the parents study where the working class(blue collar) parents have more of a obedient child. where the white collar parent have more independent child.

Front 41

affluent neighborhoods

Back 41

tend to look out for their children more

Front 42

individualism

Back 42

moral worth of the individual

Front 43

anticipatory socialization

Back 43

learning to play before actually entering it enabling us to gradually identify a role

Front 44

resocialization

Back 44

process of learning new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors.

Front 45

control groups

Back 45

groups that are given placebo

Front 46

experimental groups

Back 46

groups that are given independent variable

Front 47

independent variable

Back 47

factor that causes change in experiment
ie. therapy

Front 48

dependent variable

Back 48

factor that is changed by an independent variable
ie. gets changed

Front 49

total institution

Back 49

place where people are cut off from the rest of society and are under almost total control of the people to run the place.
ie. bootcamps, prison. these don't change

Front 50

degraduation ceremony

Back 50

attempt to remake the self by stripping away the individuals current identity to a new one