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91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does PET stand for |
Practical Ethical Theoretical |
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What are ethical factors? |
Informed consent Confidentiality Deception Morality Vulnerable groups The right to withdraw |
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What are the theoretical factors? |
Validity Reliability Representativeness Verstehen |
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What are practical factors |
Money Funding Time Access Research opportunities Skills |
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How do positivists approach sociology? |
They view it as a science. They are usually structuralists MACRO |
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How do interpretivists approach sociology? |
Prefer qualitative data, MIRCO and view sociology as a social science |
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What methods have high reliability? |
official statistics Questionnaires structural interviews lab observation covert observation |
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What methods have high validity? |
participant observations field experiments diaries and blogs unstructured interviews |
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What is stratified sampling? |
The sampling frame is subdivided into a number of sampling frames e.g based on CAGE. People are randomly selected from each group. |
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What is a pilot study? |
A small scale trial run of research |
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What is an example of where a pilot study should have been used? |
Hite's questionnaire. she sent out a questionnaire called love, passion and emotional violence. sent out 100,000, got 4.5% return rate |
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What are some limitations of case studies? |
they are time consuming, costly, they could potentially lie (validity), access, language barriers, and researcher skills, reliability |
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What are the strengths of case studies? |
confidentiality, more valid, verstehen |
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What is the definition of a field experiment? |
happens in a natural environment, with some controlled variables ( extraneous variables) |
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What is the definition of a lab experiment? |
happens in an artificial environment, where the variables are controlled. |
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What is the definition of a comparative experiment? |
A thought experiment that uses and analyses official statistics |
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What are the strengths of lab experiments? |
reliable, confidentiality, informed consent, avoids gatekeeping (access), detachment (objectivity), flexible |
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What are the weaknesses of lab experiments? |
validity (because of the artificial environment), Hawthorne effect, deception, representatives, time, money and you can't study the past. |
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What are the strengths of field experiments? |
more accessible, covert, less risk of Hawthorne effect, valid, reliability, detached and objective |
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What are the weaknesses of field experiments? |
ethical (lack of the informed consent) deception, reliability, funding. lack of verstehen/ rapport |
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what is systematic sampling |
where the names are selected from the sampling frame at regular intervals until the desired size of the sample is reached. e.g every nth person in the sampling frame is selected |
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what is stratified sampling |
the sampling frame is subdivided into a number of similar sampling frames (people are randomly selected from each group) |
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what is simple random |
picking names out of a hat at random selection |
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what is quota sampling |
establishes pre-determined number of people with a certain characteristic. once the quota is filled no more people in that category are included |
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what is snowball sampling |
researcher identifies one or two people with the characteristics they want for their study, and ask them to introduce them to other people |
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what is opportunity sampling |
Opportunity sampling is where a researcher selects participants based on their availability.
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what is theoretical sampling |
position of researcher's theoretical position will guide what is important in the sample group e.g feminists study women |
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what are the strengths of simple random sampling |
unbiased, objective, quick, straight forward |
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what are the weaknesses of simple random sampling |
not necessarily representative, not reliable |
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what are the strengths of systemic sampling |
could be representative, quick, objective, elements of reliability |
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what are the weaknesses of systemic sampling |
could be unrepresentative |
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what are the strengths of stratified sampling |
representative and objective |
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what are the weaknesses of stratified sampling |
time consuming requires researcher skills |
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what are the strengths of quota sampling |
representative unbiased |
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what are the negatives of quota sampling |
representative, time consuming |
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what are the benefits of snowball sampling |
objective, valid, easier access |
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what are the negatives of snowball sampling |
time consuming, not representative |
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what are the benefits of opportunity sampling |
objectivity easy access |
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what are the negatives of opportunity sampling |
time consuming reliable |
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what are the benefits of theoretical sampling |
more valid data |
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what are the negatives of theoretical sampling |
unrepresentative, not objective, time |
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what is an example of simple random sampling |
Ofsted inspectors selecting pupils to speak with at random |
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what is an example of systemic sampling |
Young and Willmott used every 36th person of the electoral register |
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what is an example of stratified sample |
Pygmalion effect Rosenthal and Jacobson picked random 20% of kids from each class |
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what is an example of quota sampling |
Oakley sociology of housework picked women from predominately middle class and working class neighbourhoods. |
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what is an example of snowball sampling |
Taylor's in the underworld 1984 he knew one criminal that put him in touch with others |
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what is an example of theoretical sampling |
Glaser and Strauss people are chosen who have particular unusual characteristics |
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example of lab experiment |
Milgram's obedience experiment |
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example of field experiment |
Pygmalion in the classroom Jacobson and Rosenthal |
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example of a comparative experiment |
Durkheim's suicide study |
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whose more likely to use questionnaires? |
positivists |
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what type of data do questionnaires produce |
quantitative |
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what is an example of a survey |
census |
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what are the benefits of a closed questionnaire |
quick (p) higher response rate less invasive less likelihood of harm (e) reliable (t) cheaper less researcher skills/opportunity needed informed consent |
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what are the negatives of closed questionnaires |
lack validity no verstehen, rapport |
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what are the advantages of open questionnaires |
verstehen rapport validity qualitative data |
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disadvantages of open questionnaires |
time consuming researcher skills bias leading qs harder to protect from harm objectivity £ |
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benefits of face to face questionnaires |
higher response rate quantitative data quick no researcher skills required no leading qs objective |
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disadvantages of face to face questionnaires |
social desirability imposition effect time £ |
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benefits of telephone questionnaires |
informed consent quick easy cheaper |
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negatives of telephone questionnaires |
lower response rate cost time for researcher imposition effect social desirability |
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benefits of postal questionnaires |
quick cheap imposition effect social desirability access |
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negatives of postal questionnaires
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lower response rate leading qs researcher skills validity £ for respondent |
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benefits of e questionnaires
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higher response rate larger sample quick cheap representative imposition effect social desirability |
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negatives of e questionnaires
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social desirability representativeness |
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questionnaire strengths PET |
quick, cheap, easy access, researcher skills, funding bodies, research opportunities, informed consent, deception, protection from harm, morality, legality, reliable and representative |
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questionnaire weaknesses PET
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researcher skills, funding bodes, protection from harm valid social desirability verstehen rapport |
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how can sociologists improve response rate |
incentives sanctions keep anonymous make accessible shorter sending a follow up contact |
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what are the disadvantages of self-completion questionnaires |
lower response rate no pressure to complete it possibility of lying |
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what are structured interviews |
spoken questionnaires with unchanging closed questions |
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what are unstructured interviews |
open questions that are changeable (interpretivists) |
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what are semi-structured interviews |
uses a mixture of open and closed qs |
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what are group interviews |
a group of respondents are interviewed at the same time open qs |
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what factors can hinder interviews |
artificiality interview bias (imposition effect) status and power (CAGE) cultural differences social desirability |
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what are the issues of structured interviews |
protection from harm not valid representativeness verstehen rapport social desirability imposition effect
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strengths of structured issues |
quick access cheaper researcher skills, reliable, social desirability, informed consent, deception confidentiality morality right to withdraw |
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unstructured interviews weaknesses |
money/ funding bodies, researcher skills, time, harm, representative, reliability, social desirability, imposition effect, objectivity |
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unstructured interviews strengths |
access, informed consent, deception, confidentiality, harm, rapport, valid, verstehen, social desirability |
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semi-structured interviews weaknesses |
researcher skills, time, harm (invasive), rapport valid, reliable, representativeness |
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semi structured interviews strengths |
access informed consent deception RTW confidentiality harm valid reliable |
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An example of an overt participant observation |
Venkatesh gang leader for a day |
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Covert participant |
James Patrick Glasgow gangs |
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Covert participant example |
John Howard griffin black like me |
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Non participant overt |
Making of a moonie barker |
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Example of a group interview |
Willis’ study of the lads |
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An example of a study with theoretical bias |
Do ash and Dobash study of domestic violence studied 30 women |
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Researcher characteristics of pupils |
Power and status - effects ability to obtain valid data Ability and understanding less than adults Vulnerable group Gatekeepers Pro/ anti school subcultures Safeguarding vulnerable groups act 2006 |
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Researcher characteristics of teachers |
Power and status, they have more than pupils Ethical issues covert Hoffman teachers impression management Social desirability |
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Researcher characteristics of classrooms |
Highly controlled setting restricts validity Hawthorne effect Teachers impression management Gatekeepers headteachers or teachers More sensitive to peer pressure Activities beyond classroom marking parents evening etc |
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Researcher characteristics of schools |
Schools are data rich Validity of data schools record Gatekeepers researcher skills necessary complexities of schools can be difficult to figure out |
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Parents researcher characteristics |
CAGE Power and status Impression management Social desirability Difficult to access home Parents may not respond Difficult to get representative sample |
