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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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sociological imagination
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see indiv. in social context
see the power of society to shape an individual's choices, etc. |
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sociology is....[3]
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the study of human SOCIETY, including:
1.) Choices 2.) Patterns 3.) Categories |
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What are Latent & Manifest functions?
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Latent: planned consequences/ goals
Manifest: unplanned consequences [they can be good too!] |
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Spurious Correlation
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an apparent false relationship btw 2 variables caused by a third variable
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Social Paradigms: [3]
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a.) Structural Functionalism: STABILITY & how it contributes to stability of the whole picture
b.) Conflict Theory: POWER STRUGGLE; role of power & coercion in producing social order c.) Symbolic Interaction: person to person interaction = where society exists |
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Parenting Styles:
[4 Features: CIDS] [4 Styles] |
Features:
a.) Communication b.) Involvement c.) Demands d.) Strictness Styles: 1) Authoritative: IDEAL [warm, reasons, has demands, encouraging] 2) Authoritarian: STRICT [high demands, no warmth, poor communication] 3) Permissive: HIPPIE [no rules, poor communication, no expectations, warm] 4) Uninvolved: DON'T CARE [few demands, poor communication] |
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Schemas: [AA]
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ASSimilation: OLD
ACComodation: NEW |
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Piaget Stages: [4]
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Sensory-Motor: 0-2
interpret world via senses attachment to people Pre-Operational: 2-6 symbols [no logic] egocentric lack conservation of mass acquired language can anticipate behavior Concrete-Operational: 7-11 developed logic no egocentrism understands conservation of mass Formal-Operational: 12-Adult understands abstract concepts hypothetical thinking guess consequences |
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what is socialization?
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ongoing process of social interaction
enables person to develop ID, beliefs, & skills to participate in society |
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Harlow's experiment
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monkeys w. a surrogate mother
lesson: -infants need CONTACT COMFORT -fathers are important too -how to care for foster children |
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who studied the social self?
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Mead & Herbert
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erikson stages: [8]
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Trust v. Mistrust (sense of security/ trust outside forces 0-1.5)
Autonomy v. Self-Doubt (self-control 1.5-3) Initiative v. Guilt (self-worth & creativity 3-6) Competence v. Inferiority (social acceptance; social & intellectual skills 6-puberty) Identity v. Role Confusion (comfortable w/ self: adolescence) Intimacy v. Isolation (commitment early adulthood) Make a Difference v. Stagnation (focus on future; middle adulthood) Integrity v. Despair (satisfied?; late adulthood) |
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Kohlberg:
[How many levels? stages?] |
LSD
3 levels, 6 stages Levels: Pre, Post, Conventional Stages: 1. punishment 2. rewards 3. "good behavior" 4. "duty" 5. moral v. legal right 6. individual principle |
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Phonemes/ Morphemes?
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PMS
Phonemes: no meaning Morphemes: has meaning |
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whole object constraint
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one word = whole object, not quality (color/shape)
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overextension:
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use of word to more than intended
(liquid=milk; milk=water) |
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pragmatic
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use what you already know to figure out new words/meanings
(red+food= apple) |
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2 Types of learning:
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A. Model
B. Associative (Classical & Operant) |
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generalization:
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something similar evokes CR
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discrimination:
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something similar doesn't evoke CR
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What are the ABC's of learning?
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Antecedents; before
Behavior; do Consequences; result |
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Give + Want
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Positive Reward
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Give + unwanted
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Positive Punishment
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Take away + want
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Negative punishment
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Take away + unwanted
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Negative reward
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set # of actions
rewards memberships |
fixed ratio
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unknown # of actions
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variable ratio
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set amount of time
after 24 hours |
fixed interval
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define PERSONALITY
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Stable patterns of:
behavior, emotions, thoughts |
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Psycho-dynamic Theory
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Unconscious motives & conflicts determine behavior
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Conscious, Pre-Conscience, & Unconscious
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Conscious: self-aware
Pre-conscious: brought up w/ concentration Unconscious: not aware w/ focus |
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Id
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born with it
UNCONSCIOUS Pleasure Principle [immediate gratification] |
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Regression:
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back to childhood
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Repression v. Denial:
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repression: UNconscious; amnesia
denial: conscious; reject truth |
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Rationalize:
(defense mechanism) |
give another reason to make it okay
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Reaction Formation:
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OPPOSITE of what you feel
ROOF! |
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Displacement
(defense mechanism) |
take out your anger
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thematic appreciation test
TAT |
what motivates you
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projective tests
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thoughts & feelings
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ink blot tests:
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insight into unconscious
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Agents of socialization: [4]
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Media
School Family Peers |
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Elements of Culture [5]
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Symbols
Language Values Belief Norm (PRO- bad & PRE-good) |
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What enforces norms?
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sanctions
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ethnomethodology
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study of human behavior through purposely disrupting social norms
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Subculture
Counterculture High culture popular culture |
subculture: small group w. similar features to dominant culture
Counterculture: SUBCULTURE opposed to dominant culture popular culture: part of everyday high culture: rich |
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Multi-culturalism
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many cultures dominant
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ethnocentrism v. cultural relativism
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centrism: judging a culture by your own standards
relative: judge culture by its own standards |
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What causes cultural changes? [3]
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DID
discovery invention diffusion |
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cultural lag
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how fast/slow some cultural elements spread
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sex v. gender:
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sex: born
gender: identify self with |
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5 Characteristics of Culture
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Shared
Learned Taken for Granted Symbolic Varied across time & space |
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who developed the looking-glass self?
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cooley
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Ego
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one yr. old.
Reality Principle [delay] |
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Super-Ego
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childhood
culture's standards Moral Principle [morals & principles] |
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Sublimation:
(defense mechanism) |
redirecting to positive goals
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Projection
(defense mechanism) |
Projection: hypocrite
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