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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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sociological perspective |
a viewing of the behavior of groups in a systematic way |
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sociological imagination |
the ability to see the connection between the larger world and our personal lives |
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social darwinism |
perspective that holds that societies evolve toward stability and perfection |
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Karl Marx |
conflict theorist, focused on social effects of economics power and class conflict. divided society into capitalists v workers |
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sociology |
social science that studies human society and social behavior |
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conflict perspective |
larger level of society in terms of competing groups |
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functional perspective |
society is a set of parts working together with functions and competing groups |
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interactionist perspective |
how people interpret and use symbols to develop and share their view on the world |
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Verstehen |
putting yourself in someone else shoes to see things from a different point of view |
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social phenomena |
an observable fact or event that involves human society |
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manifest function |
intended and recognized consequence of some element of society ex: school-education |
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latent function |
unintended and unrecognized consequence of some element of society ex: school- socialization |
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function |
positive consequence an element of society has for the maintenance of the social system |
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symbol |
anything that stands for something else and has shared meaning attached to it ex: gestures, images, language |
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culture |
the shared products of human groups including both physical objects and beliefs, values and behaviors |
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material culture |
physical objects created by human groups |
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non material culture |
abstract human creations ex: language, ideas, values, beliefs |
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society |
a grop of mutually independent people who have organized in such a way as to share a common culture and have a feeling of unity |
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technology |
knowledge and tools people use for a practical purpose |
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language |
an organization of written and spoken symbols into a standardized system |
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values |
shared beliefs about what is good or bad, right or wrong, desirable or undesirable |
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norms |
shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations |
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folkways |
norms that do not have a great moral significance attached to them, the common customs of everyday life |
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mores |
norms that have great moral significance attached to them |
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laws |
written rules of conduct that are enacted and enforced by government. a violation of these would be considered criminal |
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ethnocentrism |
the tendency to view one's own culture and group as superior to all other cultures and groups |
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cultural relativism |
belief that cultures should only be judged on their own standards |
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subculture |
a group with its own unique values, norms, and behaviors that exists within a larger culture ex: ethnic groups, gender, age |
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counterculture |
groups that reject the values, norms, and practices of the larger society and replaces them with a new set of cultural patterns ex: gangs, bikers, mafia, hippies |
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formal sanction |
a reward or punishment given by a formal organization from government, police, school, etc. ex: promotion, fine, suspension |
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informal sanction |
spontaneous expression of approval/ disapproval ex: praise, exclusion |
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six sources of social change |
values and beliefs technology population diffusion physical environment wars and conquests |
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values and beliefs (social change) |
change in ideology caused by social movement |
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technology (social change) |
when people find new ways to manipulate their environment |
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population (social change) |
change in size in population and demographics of different groups of people |
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diffusion (social change) |
cultural traits are spread from one country to another adapting to borrowed cultural traits- reformulation |
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physical environment |
environment provides conditions either encouraging or discouraging change |
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wars and conquests |
cause a need for rebuilding |
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three reasons people resist social change |
ethnocentrism, cultural lag, vested interested |
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cultural lag |
some aspects of cultural change lag behind others |
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vested interests |
groups that are benefiting from the way that things are and don't want to change |
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status |
a socially defined position in a group or society |
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roles |
the behavior (rights and obligations) expected of someone occupying a particular status |
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ascribed status |
status assigned according to standards beyond a persons control |
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achieved status |
status acquired on the basis of skill, knowledge, or ability |
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master status |
status that plays the greatest role in a person's life |
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role conflict |
situation that occurs when fulfilling the expectations of one role makes it difficult to fulfill the expectation of another role |
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role performance |
actual behavior of a person performing a role |
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role expectation |
socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a rold |
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five types of social interaction |
exchange, competition, conflict, cooperation, and accomodation |
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four features of groups |
two or more people must have interaction members have shared expectations some sense of common identity |
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dyad |
group with two people |
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triad |
three person group |
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social networks |
web of relationships that is formed by the sum total of an individuals interactions with other people |
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formal organizations |
large, complex, secondary groups that have been established to achieve specific goals
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bureaucracy |
ranked authority structure that operates according to specific rules and procedures |
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Weber's five characteristics of bureaucracies |
division of labor, ranking of authority, employment based on formal qualifications, rules and regulations, specific lines of promotion and advancements |
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common problems in bureaucracies |
lose sight of original goals for self, encourage bureaucratic personality, officials may focus too much on rules and not goals, tend to result in oligarchy |
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personality |
total of behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and values that are characteristics of an individual |
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heredity |
physical traits, aptitudes, inherited characteristics, biological drives |
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birth order |
order of birth, first born are more achievement oriented, later born are more social |
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parents |
parental characteristics such as age, education, religion, and economic status |
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cultural environment |
determines basic personality types found in an environment |
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instinct |
unchanging, biologically inherited behavior pattern |
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aptitude |
capacity to learn a certain skill or acquire a particular body of knowledge |
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feral child |
wild or untamed child |
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looking glass self |
-we imagine how we appear to others -based on their reactions, we attempt to determine whether others view us as we view ourselves -we then use our perceptions of how others judge us to develop feelings about ourselves |
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agents of socialization |
family, peer group, school, mass media |
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peer group |
primary group composed of individuals of equal age and similar social characteristics, most influential in teen and preteen years, norms and values of peer group conflict with values of larger society causing a concern for parentsq |
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mass media |
involves no face to face communications ex: books, films, TV, radio TV has largest effect on children |
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total institution |
setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and are subject to tight control ex: military, prison, mental institution |
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resocialization |
involves breaking with past experiences, and learning new values and norms stripping away an individuals identity and replacing it with institutional identity |
