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133 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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society
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a group of people who share a culture and a territory
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Auguste Comte
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Father of Sociology. Applied Scientific Method to everyday life situations
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sociology
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the study of society
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Social Darwinism
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The notion that only the fittest members of society deserve to survive and the social programs to help the poor will ultimately weaken the social order
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Emile Durkheim
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The sociologist who conducted extensive research on varying rates of suicide
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Karl Marx
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Suggested that the force which drives human history and is at the core of human progress is class conflict
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Max Weber
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Believed the central force in social change was religion
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Jane Addams
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Co-founded the Hull House in Chicago
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Theory
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A general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work
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Functional Analysis
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(Durkheim) The central idea is that society is a whole unit of interrelated parts that work together
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Conflict Theory
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(Marx) Society is composed of groups engaged in fierce competition for scarce resources
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Symbolic Interactionism
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Studies how people use symbols to establish meaning, develop views of the world, and communicate; Our behaviors depend on the way we define ourselves and others
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Expriment
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It investigates cause and effect under highly controlled conditions
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Hypothesis
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An unverified statement of a relationship between variables.
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Hawthorne Effect
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Subjects may change their behavior simply because they are getting special attention.
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Sample
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Target group you study
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Random Sample
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Where everyone in your population has the same chance of being included in your study
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Participant Observation
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The researcher participates in a research setting while observing what is happening.
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Unobtrusive Measures
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When researchers observe people who do not know they are being studied.
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Spurious Correlation
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A false relationship between two or more variable caused by another.
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Correlation
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A relationship by which two variables change together
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Values
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Personal beliefs about what is good or worthwhile.
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Culture
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The values, beliefs, behavior (non-material) and material objects that together form a people’s way of life and are passed from one generation to the next.
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Nonmaterial Culture
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The intangible world of ideas created by members of a society. A group’s way of thinking and doing
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Material Culture
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The tangible things created by members of a society – distinguishes a group of people
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Culture Shock
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DISORIENTATION DUE TO THE INABILITY TO MAKE SENSE OUT OF ONE’S SURROUNDINGS
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Ethnocentrism
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Tendency for an individual to use their own group’s way of doing things as a yardstick for judging others
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Cultural Relativism
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When we try to understand a people from the framework of the culture being studied
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Language
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A system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another
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Beliefs
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Specific statements that a people hold to true
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Norms
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Rules of behavior that develop out of a group’s values
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Folkways
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Norms for routine and causal interaction
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Mores
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Widely observed and have great moral Significance
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Taboos
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Norms so strongly ingrained that even the thought of its violation is greeted with revulsion
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Social Control
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Various means by which members of society encourage conformity to norms
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Ideal Culture
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THE WAY THINGS SHOULD BE
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Real Culture
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The way things actully occur in everyday life
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Socialization
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The lifelong social experience by which individuals develop their human potential
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Personality
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Person’s fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking, and feeling.
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Nature
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Heredity
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Nurture
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Social Environment
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Self
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The part of the individual’s personality composed of self-awareness and self-image
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Jean Piaget
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Studied human cognition, how people think
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The Greatest Impact on Socialization
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Family
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Total Institution
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A setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society and manipulated by an administrative staff
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Resocialization
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Radically changing an inmate’s personality by carefully controlling the environment
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Degradation Ceremony
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Their identity is broken down, and a new self is re-built
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Life Course
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Stages from birth to death
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Erik Erikson
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8 Stages Theory
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Social Interaction
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The process by which people act and react in reaction to others
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Status
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A social position that one occupies
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Status Se
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All the statuses a person holds at a give time
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Master Status
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A status that has special importance for social identity
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Role
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Behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status
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Roll Set
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conflict between roles corresponding to two or more statuses.
When we experience being pulled in several different directions |
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Roll Conflict
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conflict between roles corresponding to two or more statuses.
When we experience being pulled in several different directions |
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Roll Strain
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Tension between roles connected to a single status
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Social Construction of Reality
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The process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction.
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Background Assumptions
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Your ideas about the way life is and the way things ought to work.
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Ethnomethodology
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The study of how people use commonsense understandings to get through everyday life
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Nonverbal Communication
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Using body movements, gestures, and facial expressions rather than speech.
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Primary Group
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A small social group whose members share personal and enduring relationships.
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Secondary Group
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A large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity
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Ingroup
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A social group commanding a member’s esteem and loyalty
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Outgroup
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A social group toward which one feels competition or opposition
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Reference Group
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The group we use as standards to evaluate ourselves
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Social Network
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"Cliques.” Ties that extend outward from yourself, gradually encompassing more and more people
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Network
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A web of weak social ties
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Dyad
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Social group with 2 members
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Triad
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Social group with 3 members; more stable because 1 can act as a mediator
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Instrumental Leadership
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Leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks
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Expressive Leadership
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Leadership that focuses on collective well-being
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Asch's Experiment
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Conformity with the lines
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Milgram's Experiment
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Pain at Yale stuff
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Groupthink
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The tendency of group members to conform, resulting in a narrow view of some issue
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Deviance
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Any recognized violation of cultural norms
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Crime
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The violation of a society’s formally enacted criminal law.
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Negative Sanctions
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Disapproval of deviance
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Positive Sanctions
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Used to reward people for conforming to norms
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Social Control
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Attempts by society to regulate people’s thought and behavior.
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Strain Theory
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People who experience strain are likely to feel anomie
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Differential Association Theory
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We learn to deviate or to conform to norms mostly by the different groups we associate with
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Labelling Theory
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The view that labels become a part of our self-concept, which helps to set us on paths that propel us into or divert us from deviance
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Hate Crime
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A criminal act against a person or person’s property by an offender motivated by racial or other bias
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Retribution
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The public’s craving for revenge
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Income
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Wages or salary from work and earnings from investments
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Wealth
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The total value of money and other assets, minus outstanding debts.
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Power
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The ability to carry out your will despite resistance
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Power Elite
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Those who make the big decisions in U.S. society
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Prestige
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Respect or Regard
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Relative Poverty
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Deprivation of some people in relation to those who have more.
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Absolute Poverty
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The deprivation of resources that is life threatening
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Gender Stratification
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Unequal distribution of wealth, power and privilege between men and women
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Sexual Harassment
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Comments, gestures, or physical contact of a sexual nature that are deliberate, repeated and unwelcome
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Liberal Feminism
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Free to develop own talents and interests - individualistic
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Socialist Feminism
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Pursue collective (male and female) personal liberation
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Radical Feminism
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Eliminate Gender
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Race
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A socially constructed category composed of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important
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Ethnicity
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People who identify with one another on the basis of a shared cultural heritage
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Minority Group
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Any category of people, distinguished by physical or cultural difference, that a society sets apart for unequal treatment and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination
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Discrimination
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An action. An unfair treatment directed against someone
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Prejudice
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An attitude. A rigid and irrational generalization about an entire category of people
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Racism
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The belief that one racial category is innately superior to another
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Stereotyping
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An exaggerated description of an entire category of people
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Institutional Discrimination/Prejudice
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Bias inherent in the operation of society’s institutions
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Scapegoat Theory
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Disadvantaged people who unfairly blame minorities for their own problems
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Authoritarian Personality Theory
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Ridged moralists with little education who see things in “black & white” Highly prejudiced people are insecure, conformist, submissive to superiors, and have deep respect for authority
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Culture Theory
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Everyone has some prejudice because it is embedded in culture
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Pluralism
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A state in which racial and ethnic minorities are distinct but have social parity
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Multiculturalism
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Permits and encourages racial and ethnic variation
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Assimilation
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The process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant category
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Segregation
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The physical and social separation of categories of people
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Ageism
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Discrimination against the elderly
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Capitalism*
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(1) private ownership, (2) market competition, and (3) the pursuit of profit.
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Charismatic Authority*
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Based on an individual’s outstanding traits, which attract followers.
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Coercion*
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Illegitimate power that people do not accept as just
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Communism*
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Hypothetical economic & political system in which all members of a society are socially equal.
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Global Economy*
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The dominance of capitalism is rooted in a social invention called the corporation.
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Multinational Corporations*
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corporations that operate across national borders.
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Power*
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Ability to achieve desired ends despite resistance from others
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Socialism*
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(1) public ownership of the means of production, (2) central planning, and (3) the distribution of goods without a profit motive.
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Welfare Capitalism*
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private citizens own the means of production, but they do so within a vast system of laws
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Blended family
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When a new parent enters a family
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Empty nest
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When the last child leaves home, and the husband and wife are left.
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Family
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A social institution found in all societies that unites people into cooperative groups to oversee the bearing and raising of children.
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Family of orientation
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The family you are born into
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Family of procreation
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The family you form in order to have or adopt children
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Sandwich generation
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The generation of people who care for their aging parents while supporting their own children
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Church
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any moral community centered on beliefs and practices regarding the sacred.
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Hinduism
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oldest religion; 800 million; India and Africa; no sacred book
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Islam
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1.2 billion followers
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Protestant Ethic
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value emphasizing the necessity of constant labor in a person's calling as a sign of personal salvation
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Religion
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beliefs and practices that separate the profane from the sacred and unite its adherents into a moral community
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