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118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is sociology?
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Sociology encourages people to see the world more broadly with the
sociological imagination to recognize that often their personal problems turn out to be reflections of social problems |
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What type of knowledge do most people use to understand the world?
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Most of what we know is based on personal experiences and common sense.
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Why is sociology difficult?
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Sociology does indeed slice into the phenomena of human behavior at an unusual angle, one that is not readily understood by the novitiate. Even professionals in the discipline themselves occasionally have difficulty in maintaining this distinct approach.
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What levels of social structure might sociologists examine?
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Macro-sociology
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Neither society nor the individual exist in isolation?
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Human are social beings. We live in various kinds of groups (families, neighborhoods, dorms)
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What is social Science?
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Are the disciplines that examine the human and social world?
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How is sociology different from the other social sciences?
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Sociology is interested in societies at all levels of development.
Sociology looks at a range of social institutions, unlike economics or political sciences, each which is focused on a single one. While anthropology is more likely to concentrate on traditional or primitive cultures. |
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Macro-
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study of large groups
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Micro -
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Study of small groups
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Quantitative-
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deals with numbers.
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Qualitative-
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Verbal description – research, non-numerical data
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Sociological Imagination-
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Have the ability to understand the connection biography and history.
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How do sociology prepare for people for jobs?
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You gain strong characteristics based on your society.
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What are theories?
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Are Dynamic and changing abstract propositions of how things are. Theories are guidelines to help us understand something.
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What is the purpose of a theory-
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Theories are guidelines to help us understand something.
Theories change over time. |
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Why do Theories Change
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????????????????????????
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What are other terms used for the term theories?
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The paradigms are perspectives and school of thought.
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IMPORTANT SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIST
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Auguste Comte
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(1798-1857)
French The change of French Revolutions Coined Term (Sociology) Wanted to change Society Believed in social reform |
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Harriet Martineau
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(1802-1876)
Born in England Translated Comte from French to English Wrote book on society Radically believed in labor Unions. Believed in abolition of slavery Scholars should change society |
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Herbert Spencer
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(1820-1903)
Drew on the works of Charles Darwin Charles Darwin wrote the origin of species. Compared society to the human body Used Darwin’s explanation to explain how society has changed. Species can survive if they adapt Social Darwinism- some people are less likely to survive. EG: Social Darwinist- If people can’t get in PBCC to bad. They did not adapt. |
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Emile Durkheim
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(1858-1907)
Born in France Behavior must be understood in the larger context. |
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Karl Marx
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(1818-1883)
Born in Germany, lived in Britain -influenced by industrial revolution -developed the conflict theory He developed the conflict perspective. Compared to Obama He believed conflict between social groups was good. Because it brought about social change. In order for conflict to begin they had to know were they begin. To not allow people to get educated. You have the Haves and the Have Not’s. class conflict alienation commodification revolution surplus false consciousness |
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Max Weber
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Max Weber introduced 3 factors that influenced stratification Class, Status, Party
rationality authority in different forms formal v. informal ideal types historicism- inductive approach Which theorist is related to the status inconsistency theory-people in a higher status group and lower in another will be dissatisfied and frustrated . Max Weber argued that stratification was multidimensional rather than One-dimensional as proposed by Karl Marx |
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Sigmund Freud
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Born: May 6, 1856
Freiberg, Moravia Died: September 23, 1939 Psychosexual Stages. |
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THEORIES (SCHOOL OF THOUGHT) IN SOCIOLOGY
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One is not better than the other.
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Structural function-
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Believes society is a stable system of Structures.
Structure helps society funcyion. eg: Study of prostitution. Robert Merton 1) manifest function - The obvious function. 2) Latent Function - The less Obvious of a function. |
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Conflict Theory-
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Examines the lack of harmony.
Sees the world as a constant struggle. Associates with Karl Marx. Keeps people oppressed and uneducated. |
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Symbolic interactionism- Symbols
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The least used Theory.
Very small groups of people. People act towards things. eg; Study of how people greet each other. GOFFMAN-He saw people as actors on a stage. |
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Anomie-
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Feeling Disconnected
Alienated Normlessness Hopelessness |
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What is scientific method?-
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Standard procedure for acquiring and verifying empirical (concrete, scientific) Knowledge. Provides researchers with a series of steps to follow.
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How do researchers select a particular method?
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The researcher does a literature review to become familiar with other research done previously.
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What are the steps in scientific Approach?
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Define Problem - limit the Topic
Review literature - All things on a Topic. Formulate Hypothesis - A statement between Variables. Dependent Variables - Effect, Then Independent Variables - Cause, If then. Define Variables - Refine list, Spell out Data Collection - Depends on data you use. Data Analysis - See if there are any relationships between variables. |
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Why are the steps done in order?
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Because you need information from previous step to do next step. Need two variables.
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What are methods?
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Generate data.
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Types of methods used in sociology?
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Ethnography
Interviews Survey Experimental Methods Experimental Group - Existing sources Research |
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What are benefits and limitations of some methods?
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Ethnography - Is a written Observation.
Interviews - Face to Face. Survey - Used when researchers what to use a large group. Experimental Methods - Least method used. Experimental Group - The group that is exposed ti the independent Variable or cause. Control Group - the group of test subjects left untreated or unexposed to some procedure and then compared with treated subjects in order to validate the results of the test. Existing sources - Existing Statistics, make sure they are reliable. eg: diaries, Logs, Films, Archives. Research - Reliability and Validity |
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What is the difference between basic (traditional) and applied research?
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Basic Research
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is carried out for the sake of increasing knowledge, such as how and why a specific reaction occurs and what the properties of a substance are.
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Applied research
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is generally carried out to solve a problem.
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Values -
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An ideal where researchers identify facts without letting their own beliefs or basis interfere.
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Objectivity -
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Impartiality, The ability to allow the facts to speak for themselves.
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Reactivity -
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The tendency of people and events to react to the process of being studied.
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Importance of research ethics?
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Ethical guidelines for researchers to consult as they design a project.
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What are institutional review boards?
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A group of scholars that review and approve research proposals and recommend how to protect human subjects.
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Terms Variables?
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One or two or more phenomena that the researcher believes that are related to prove his relationship through research.
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Types of variables?
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Dependent Variables - Effect, Then
Independent Variables - Cause, If then. |
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Terms Population -
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It is important to distinguish between the population, for which statistical parameters are fixed and unknown at any given instant in time, and the sample of the population, from which estimates of the population parameters are computed. Population statistics are generally unknown because the analyst can rarely afford to measure all members of a population, and so a random sample is drawn.
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Term Sample Populations -
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A sample of specific subgroups of the target population in which everyone in the subgroup has an equal chance of being included in the study.
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Term Random sample –
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Everyone in the target population has the same chance of being included in the study
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What is Culture
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The knowledge, languages, values, customs, and material objects that are passed from person to person and from one generation to the next in human group or society.
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How is Culture acquired
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All those historically created designs for living, explicit and implicit, rational, irrational, and nonrational, which exist at any given time.s
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Ethnocentrism
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A tendency to use our own group's ways of doing things as the yardstick for judging others.
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Culture Relativism
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The belief that the behaviors and customs of any culture must be viewed and analyzed by the culture's own standards.
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Components of Culture
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The component of a culture that consists of activities, products, and services that are assumed to appeal primarily to members of middle and working classes.
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Forms of Communication
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Signs, Gestures, Language
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Sapir - Whorf Hypothesis
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The idea that language, structured thoughts, and thats the ways of looking at the world are embedded in language.
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Values
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Ideals about what is desirable or contemptible and right or wrong in a particular group. they articulate the essence of everything that cultural group cherishes and honors.
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Norms -
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Norms are the rules and guidelines regarding what kinds of behavior are acceptable, from cultures value system.
Type of Norms - Laws - A common type of formally defined norm, providing an explicate statement about what is right and illegal in a given society. Folkway - informal norms or everyday customs that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular culture More - Strongly held norms with moral and ethical connotations that may not be violated without serious consequences in a particular culture. Taboo - a norm ingrained so deeply that even the thought of violating it evokes strong feelings of disgust, horror or revulsion. |
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Sanctions
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Rewards for the appropriate behavior or penalties for inappropriate behavior.
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Variations in Culture
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Dominate Culture
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The values, norms values, and practices of the group within society that is the most powerful.
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SubCulture
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A group of people who share a distinctive set of cultural beliefs and behaviors that differ in some significant way from that of the larger society.
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Culture Wars
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clashes within main stream society over the values and norms that should be up held.
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Ideal vs Real Culture
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Ideal culture refers to the values a culture professes to be important,
Real culture refers to the actual values embodied in the day to day behavior of a society's members. For example, the core cultural value of democracy is part of ideal culture in the United States. In reality, the majority of adults choose not to vote. |
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Culture Change
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When there is a practice that diffuses out into the world.
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Culture Diffusion
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When cultures were separate they became similar to each other.
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Culture Imperialism
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Their cultures ways are invading other cultures.
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What separates Humans from other Species
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Culture and Society
p-118 |
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What is the Nature - Nurture Debate
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The ongoing discussion of the respective role of genetics and socialization in determining individual behavior and traits.
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Socialization
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The process of learning the values, beliefs and norms of our social group, by which we become functioning members of society.
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Is Socialization Necessary
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YES
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Feral Children
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isolated from most human contact
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How is the Self Developed
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Freud - Parts of the Mind
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FREUD BELIEVED THE MIND WAS COMPOSED OF THREE ELEMENTS THE ID THE EGO AND THE SUPEREGO. the development of self identity and personality is shaped by the interplay of these three elements. the id represents basic biological needs and demand immediate gratification. the superego represents the moral and ethical elements of personality and is composed of internalized understandings of important cultural standards of conduct. essentially it is one's conscience. the ego is the conscious and reality oriented part of the mind. it attempts to balance the id's need for immediate gratification with the superego's need to restrain certain behaviors. the ego channels the id into socially acceptable outlets of expression.
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Cooley -
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The Looking - Glass Self
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Mead -
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Game Playing
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Goffman -
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Interaction constructs All Meaning
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Agents of Socialization
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Those groups institutions and people from which we learn the patterns of our culture.
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Family
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Most important social agent.
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Schools
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Children learn attitude, values norms and gives a wider perspective of the world.
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Peers
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People with similar characteristics. Peers sometime take over the role of the family.
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Media
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Informal communication
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Adult Socialization
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Sometimes we relearn the way we behave.
eg:Customer service, bank teller, prison |
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Total Institutional
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The arrangements or practices in social institutions and their related organizations that tend to favor one category or group of people over others.
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Statuses and Roles
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A position that somebody occupies in society.
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Definition of Statuses and Roles
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A position that somebody occupies in society.
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Master Status
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A status that has exceptional importance in shaping a person's identity; a person's most salient social identity.
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Ascribed Status
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A social position that is acquired at birth or involuntarirly acquired later in life.
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Achieved Status
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A social position that an individual voluntarily occupies as a result of their effort or choice.
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Embodied Status
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A status generated by phical characteristics.
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Role Strain
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The tension we experience when there are contradictory expectations within one role.
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Role Conflict
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Experience when we occupy two or more roles contradictory expectations.
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Emotions and Personality
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Socially construct with interaction with others. Take on the role of others.
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Feelings Rules
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Socially constructed norms regarding the feeling and display of emotions.
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emotion work
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Maintaining a bright perky feeling no matter what.
Managing Feelings |
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Terms Group
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Category
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Consists of people who share similar characteristics, such as college women who wear glasses.
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Aggregate
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Collections of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time.
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Types and Characteristics of Groups
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Primary Groups
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Those characterized by intimate face-to-face association and cooperation.
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Primary Groups - Characteristics
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Primary groups are means-oriented, providing members witha sense of intrinsic satisfaction as a result of interacitng with each other. secondary groups are large and impersonal groups whoe members interact with each other in pursuit of a shared goal or interst. interaction with group members generally revolves around only their shared intersts and pursuits and group members have weaker emotional ties to one another than do primary group members.
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Secondary Groups
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Based on some interest or activity, and their members are likely to interact on the basis of specific statuses.
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Secondary Groups - Characteristics
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a. people in a secondary group
b. people who are totally unrelated to each other c. people who hate each other d. people in a primary group |
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What are Social Networks -
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A web of ties between people within a society or large group.
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Group Dynamics -
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How groups influence us and how we affect groups.
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Dyad
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A group composed of two people.
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Triad
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A group consisting of three people.
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In Group / Out Group
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In Group - A group that commands loyalty and respect typically from its members.
Out Group - A scorned group towards which one feels opposition competitiveness and even disgust. |
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Reference Group
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A group taken as a basis of comparison for making evaluations and decisions aout others and ourselves.
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Group Think
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Occurs when groups demand conformity and punish those who don't. do not encourage members to speak up.
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Asch Experiment
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Performed experiments with cards that showed people will conform to behavioral expectations of a group even if the group is wrong.
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Leadership Definition
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In its essence, leadership in an organizational role involves
(1) establishing a clear vision, (2) sharing (communicating) that vision with others so that they will follow willingly, (3) providing the information, knowledge, and methods to realize that vision, and (4) coordinating and balancing the conflicting interests of all members or stakeholders. |
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Bureaucracy Definition
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An organization characterized by a division of labor, a hierarchical authority an impersonality in administration and explicit written rules.
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Purpose of Bureaucracy
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Bureaucracy is a type of formal organization that is widespread in modern society; Weber believed it was the most appropriate organizational form for capitalist societies. There are five key characteristics of bureaucracies. These include the specialization of tasks; a hierarchy of offices and authority; a system of written rules and regulations that govern the functioning of the organization; the hiring and promotion of workers based upon technical proficiency and not upon personal contacts;p and impersonality.
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Characteristic of Bureaucracy
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In their ideal form, bureaucracies are designed to quickly, effciently, and perdictably achieve their designated goals. Michels pointed out that the iron law of loigarchy, whereby a small group of people comes to dominate bureaucratic organization. This group migh engage in goal displacement, subordinating the stated goalsof the organization to the goal of the continued survival of the organization or of the incumbent oligarchy.
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Ritzer's Theory
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Mc Donaldization
George Ritzer's term describing the spread of bureaucratic rationalization and the accompanying increases in efficiency and dehumanization. |
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ANOMIE-
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Feeling Disconnected
Alienated Normlessness Hopelessness |
