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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Comte
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knowledge had become too specialized, specialization had made knowledge irrelevant to life, morals
sociology as the new religion |
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Marx
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political economis is the only study
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Parson's Structure of Social Action
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all social sciences involve a minimal unit act (agent, purpose, situation, standard of selection)
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Conflict v. Consensus
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look at society through its conflicts OR as an "organism" that must live in harmony for its existence
are social classes real? Coflict-> fear of punishment Consensus->shared values & interdependence |
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Positivism v. Hermeneutics
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Positivism: quantitative observation
Hermeneutics: meanings must be read & interpreted, qualitative difference; social phenom are representations of intetions & meanings |
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Sociological Realism v. Sociological Nominalism
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Realism: individuals are the phenom
Nominalism: social categories are just names |
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Freedom
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if people are not free, then no responsibility
freedom cross-interacts & limits |
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Definitions of culture
values norms roles |
Values: abstract, limited
Norms: infinite, defined by values Roles: patterns of behavior & mutual expectations |
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Historical Materialism v. Hist. Idealism
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Materialism: economics determines everything
Idealism: ideas determine everything, values produce action |
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Is there a "core self?"
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socialization learning process aims to internalize norms & values
assumption of self v. mask: the objective in social interactions |
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Ethnocentrism
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other cultures are immoral, Western thinking
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Cultural Relativism
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19th century
culture cannot be criticized from without, presupposition of equality NS: inhuman, Nazi Germany, dnager in non-judgement |
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Parson's Thesis
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socialization is an internalization of culture, joining expanding groups
culture is institutionalized by the individual |
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Behaviorism
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Socialization theory, behavior that is rewarded will be repeated, learning is an incremental process
drawback: only looks at elementary learning process |
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Freudian Psychoanalysis
Id Ego Superego |
human learning is an emotional process
Id: instinctual, ruled by pleasure Ego: reality, boundaries of actions confirmed by experience Superego: what should/shouldn't be, values Imbalance causes problems |
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Freudian Stages of Development
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Oral: touch, advancement to drinking, talking
Anal: toilet training Phallic: son attracted to mother, father is rival, but too strong, so become like father (self-identification) |
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Freud Depth Hermeneutics
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dream meanings are not readily apparentm study deep emotional thought
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Piaget's Cognitive Development
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children are not aware that things exist when they do not see/experience them
rational development of cognitive ability |
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Mead's Symbolic Interactions
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individuals are products of interactions
human self is defined by duality internal conversation requires play (take on different roles, but not at the same time), game (awareness of other players), I-Me |
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Life Cycle Theory
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humans go through stages based on changes in social roles
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Crime in the US
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high rate of crime 1960-80 (baby-boomers)
now, less crime, but more prisoners |
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Labeling Theory of Crime
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no act by itself is criminal (cultural relativism)
society defines crime |
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Biological Theory of Crime
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innate forces causing crime
humans would loose responsibility |
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Social Determinism
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punishment is oppressive
society causes crime |
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Marxist, Economistic Theories
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people act rationally to maximize utility
how much is the cost? chances of being caught? how much is lost/ganined by legit action |
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Strain Theory
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society defines cultural goals and offers legit means of attaining them
when distro of legit means is unequal, crime happens conformist v. innovator (accepts goals, but uses illegit means to attain) Solution: reduce inequality NS: statistically unfounded, property is not the only goal, VALUES & MORALS |
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Cultural Theories of Crime
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decline in morality & religion
lost emphasis on the family cult of individ. expression |
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Utilitarian Theory of Crime
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threat of punishment ought to deter criminals
weakness: does not consider cost of legit activity make legit means more attractive |
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Differential Association Theory
(Sutherland) |
criminals have different goals all together
different goals come from socialization |
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Social Control Theory
(Hirschi) |
objective ought to be why some DON'T commit crime
if individ. is commited to society he is less likely to commit a crime immediate gratification supervision during development |
