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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ageism |
Prejudice and discrimination directed against people because of their age; can be directed against any age group, including youth. |
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Aggregate |
Individuals who temporary share the same physical space but who do not see themselves as belonging together. |
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Alienation |
Marx's term for workers' lack of connection to the product of their labor; caused by workers being assigned repetitive tasks on a small part of a product--this leads to a sense of powerlessness and normlessness; others use the term in the general sense of not feeling a part of something. |
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Anomie |
Durkheim's term for a condition of society in which people become detached from the usual norms that guide their behavior. |
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Biological Characteristics |
Distinguish males and females. |
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Child Penalty |
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Cultural Leveling |
The process by which cultures become similar to one another; refers especially to the process by which Western Culture is being exported and diffused into other nations. |
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Culture |
The language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material objects that characterize a group and are passed from one generation to the next. |
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Discrimination |
An act of unfair treatment directed against an individual or a group. |
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Dominant Group |
The group with the most power, greatest privileges, and highest social status. |
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Dramaturgy |
An approach, pioneered by Erving Goffman, in which social life is analyzed in terms of drama or the stage; also called dramaturgical analysis. |
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W. E. B. Du Bois |
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Elaborate On Their Answers |
Open ended questions |
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Ethnocentrism |
The use of one's own culture as a yardstick for judging the ways of other individuals or societies, generally leading to a negative evaluation of their values, norms, and behaviors. |
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Feminization of Poverty |
A condition of U.S. poverty in which most poor families are headed by women. |
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Feral |
(Wild) could not speak; they bit, scratched, growled, and walked on all four. |
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Fieldwork (Participant Observation) |
Research in which the researcher participates in a researcher participates in a research setting while observing what is happening in the setting. |
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Fish and Water |
Anthropologist Ralph Linton said, "The last thing a fish would ever notice would be the water." So also with people: Except in unusual circumstances, most characteristics of our own culture remain perceptible to us. We usually take our speech, our gestures, our beliefs, and our customs for granted. |
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Functionalists |
A theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of various parts, each with a function that, when fulfilled, contributes to society's equilibrium; also known as functionalism and structural functionalism. |
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Gender Socialization |
Learning society's "gender map," the paths in life set out for us because we are male or female. |
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Gender Stratification |
Males' and females' unequal access to property, power, and prestige. |
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Genocide |
The annihilation or attempted annihilation of a people because of their presumed race or ethnicity. (Pg. 267-269) |
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Glass Ceiling |
The mostly invisible barrier that keeps women from advancing to the top levels at work. |
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Group |
People who interact with one another and who believe that what they have in common is significant; also called a social group. |
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Groupthink |
A narrowing of thought by a group of people leading to the perception that there is only one correct answer and that to even suggest alternatives is a sign of disloyalty. |
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Group Dynamics |
The ways in which individuals affect groups and the ways in which groups influence individuals. |
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Intimate Early Social Interaction |
It's concluded that the basic human traits of intelligence and the ability to establish close bonds with others depend on early interaction with other humans. (Pg. 70) |
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Language |
A system of symbols that can be combined in an infinite number of ways and can represent not only objects but also abstract thought. |
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Macrosociology |
Analysis of social life that focuses on broad features of society, such as social class and the relationships of groups to one another; usually used by functionalists and conflict theorists. |
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Male College Graduate Salaries |
Men earn 94% of the associate's degrees in the "masculine" field of construction trades.... |
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Master Status |
A status that cuts across the other statuses that an individual occupies. |
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Miss Rivers' Lodge |
Not an outspoken experiment for African American males run by Tuskegee University. Took advantage of the on going Great Depression to "help" African American males, they would use them as guinea pigs. They would purposely give and let syphilis ravage their bodies to study the effects and to follow the disease. |
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Mother-Child Bonding |
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development study done on children and their mothers. Children that spend more time away from their mothers have a weaker bond with them and are less affectionate with them. Also less cooperative with others, more likely to fight (be mean). They did however, score higher on language tests. |
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Natural Selection |
The characteristics that some members inherit make it easier for them to survive their environment, increasing the likelihood that they will pass their genetic traits to the next generation. Charles Darwin adopted idea from Spencer. |
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Nurture |
The social environment, contact with others. |
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Petty Bourgeoisie |
One of Wright's social class identities. Small business owners. |
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Positive Sanctions |
A reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a material reward. |
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"Power Elite" |
C. Wright Mills' term for the top people in U.S. Corporations, military, and politics who make the nation's major decisions. |
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Prejudice |
An attitude or prejudging, usually in a negative way. |
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Primary Group |
A small group characterized by intimate, long-term, face-to-face association and cooperation. |
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Psychoanalysis |
A technique for treating emotional problems through long-term exploration of the subconscious mind. (Sigmund Freud) |
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Race |
A group whose inherited physical characteristics distinguish it from other groups. |
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Rapport |
A feeling of trust between researchers and the people they are studying. |
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Random Sample |
A sample in which everyone in the target population has the same chance of being included in the study. |
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Reserve Labor Force |
The unemployed; unemployed workers are thought of as being "in reserve"--capitalists take them "out of reserve" (put them back to work) during times of high production and then put them "back in reserve" (lay them off) when they are no longer needed. |
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Self-fulfilling Stereotype |
Preconceived ideas of what someone is like that lead to the person's behaving in ways that match the stereotype. |
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Sexual Harassment |
The abuse of one's position of authority to force unwanted sexual demands on someone. |
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Significant Others |
An individual who significantly influences someone else. |
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Social Class Variables, Defining |
Property: such as buildings, land, animals, machinery, cars, stocks, bonds, businesses, furniture, jewelry, and bank accounts. Power: the ability to get your way despite resistance. Prestige: respect or regard. |
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Social Class Determining |
Based on income, education, and occupational prestige. |
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Status Inconsistancy |
Ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others; also called status discrepancy. |
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Status Symbols |
Indicators of a status, especially items in that display prestige. |
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Stereotyping |
Assumptions of what people are like. |
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"Survival of the Fittest" |
A natural process that improves societies. Fittest members produce a more advanced society. (Herbert Spencer coined this term though it is often affiliated with Charles Darwin.) |
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Testosterone |
Not only do higher levels of testosterone lead to higher dominance but the revers is also true: Dominance behavior, such as winning a game, also produces higher levels of testosterone. |
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Transitional Adulthood |
A term that refers to a period following high school when young adults have not yet taken on the responsibilities ordinarily associated with adulthood; also called adultolescence. |
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Short Answer: Major Social Institutions in Industrial Scocieties |
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