• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/124

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

124 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
norms
rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members
law
a norm formally created through a society's political system.
crime
the violation of a criminal law enacted by the federal, state, or local government
misdemeanor
is a less serious crime punishable by less than one year in prison
felony
a more serious crime punishable by at least one year in prison
crime against property
crime that involves theft or property belonging to others
crime against persons
crime that involves violence or the threat of violence against others
stalking
repeated efforts by someone to establish or re-establish a relationship against the will of the victim
juvenile delinquency
a violation of the law by young people
white-collar crime
illegal activities conducted by poeple of high social position during the course of their employment or regular business activities
corporate crime
an illegal act committed by a corporation or by a person acting on its behalf
organized crime
a business that supplies illegal goods and vices
victimless crimes
offenses that directly harm only the person who commits them
violence
behavior that causes injury to people or damage to property
institutional violence
violence carried out by government representatives under the law
anti-institutional violences
violence directed against the government in violation of the law
mass murder
the intentional, unlawful killing of four or more people at one time and place
serial murder
the killing of several people by one offender over a period of time
youth gangs
groups of young people who identify with one another and with a particular territory
criminal justice system
society's use of due process, involving police, courts, and punishment, to enforce the law
Police Discretion
six factors:

1- how serious is the crime
2- what does the victim want
3- is the suspect cooperative?
4- does the suspect have a record?
5- are bystanders watching
6- what is the suspect's race
Changes in police policy
community policing - police more visible to public
zero-tolerance policy- respond to any offense
plea bargaining
a negotiation which the state reduces a defendant's change in exchange for a guilty plea.
retribution
is moral vengeance by which society inflicts on the offender suffering comparable to that caused by the offense
deterrence
using punishment to discourage further crime
rehabilitation
reforming an offender to prevent future offenses
social protection
protecting the public by using incarceration or execuation to prevent an offender from committing further offenses
criminal recidivism
later offenses by people previously convicted of crimes
justifications for punishment
retribution
deterrance
rehabilitation
societal protection
community-based corrections
correctional programs that take place in society at large rather than behind prison wals
probation
a policy of letting a convicted offender stay in the community with regular supervision and under conditions imposed by the court
shock probation
a judge senteces a convicted offender to prison for a substantial length of time but then orders that only part of the sentence will be served in prison and the rest will be served on probation
parole
is a policy of releasing inmates from prison to serve the rest of their sentence under supervision in the local community
mesomorphs
term from william sheldon for physically fit/athletic people, more likely to be deviant
endomorphs
william Sheldon - fat people, less likely to be deviant
ectomorphs
William Sheldon- skinny people, also unlikely to be deviant
Walter Reckless and Simon Dinitz pg. 167
explained delinquincy by the boy's degree of moral conscience. "Good boys control their conscience/contain it. Called their theory the containment theory
structural-functional theory -
investigates how any social pattern contributes to the operation of society as a system.
Emile Durkheim - pg. 168
structural-functional theory: crime exists everywhere. One of the key functions of crime is uniting people with a shared sense of outrage.
Four Functions of Crime:
-Crime affirms a society's norms and values
-Recognizing crime helps everyone clarify the boundary between right and wrong
-reacting to crime brings people together
-crime encourages social change
Robert Merton -pg 168
Strain Theory: crime is a product of society itself. helps explain how and why rule breaking takes various forms.
Five Specific outcomes:
-conformity- is likely among people who accept society's goals and also have access to the conventional means to get there.
-innovation- adopting some unconventional means to achieve a conventional goal.
-ritualism- living obsessively by the rules
-retreatism- turning away from both approved goals and legitimate means "drop out of society"
-rebellion - involves not just rejecting conventional goals and means, but also advocating some entirely new system.
Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohilin
opportunity structure- whether or not one turns toward deviant behavior depends not only on one's access to legitimate opportunity, but also on one's access to illegitimate opportunity
Travis Hirschi
Control Theory - argues that strong social and emotional attatchments to others discourages people from engaging in crime.
Four Social Ties:
- Attachment to other people
- commitment to conformity
- involvement in conventional activities
- a belief in the rightness of cultural norms and values
Symbolic Interaction theory
explores how people construct reality in everyday interaction. From this point of view, criminal or violent behavior is learned by individuals in the same way that people learn everything else.
Edwin Sutherland
Differential Association Theory- great deal of learning takes place in social groups, whether a person moves toward conformity or deviance depends on the relative extent of association with others who encourage or discourage conventional behavior
Howard S. Becker
Labeling Theory- the idea that crime and all other forms of rule breaking result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions
Edwin Lemert
Primary deviance - passing significance, common violations
-secondary deviance- person begins to change, now basing choices on this deviant identity
Erving Goffman
Stigma- a powerful negative social label that radically changes a person's self-concept and social identity
Social-Conflict Theory - crime deviance
social inequality shapes who and what is defined as criminal. How laws are written, which neighborhoods police patrol, which categories of people end up being arrested- all these reflect who has power and who does not
Karl Marx - crime deviance
Class and Crime:
in capitalist society, legal systems protect the property of the capitalist calss
Feminist Theory - crime deviance
gender stratification is the pattern by which men have more wealth, prestige, and power than women. Poor women forced o crime, male power is evident in the operation of the criminal justice system
radical-left view - crime deviance
problem- the great inequality of a capitalist society promotes criminal activity by the underclass, individuals unable to succeed by legitimate means, the criminal system is used to maintain order and protect the interests of capitalist elites
-solution - crime violence can never be controlled until class differences cease to exist
Liberal View - crime deviance
Problem- a lack of jobs is the major factor that forces problem- people to break the law, often as a means to survive and to support their families
-solution- Government needs to use resources not to build more prisons but to expand economic opportunites in poor urban and rural areas where people are in desperate need of work
Conservative View - crime deviance
problem- the moral order of society is breaking down, because of the decline of the two-parent family, weakening religious values, and so much violence in the mass media
-solution- the single most signinficant step towards reducing crime and violence is to strengthen families and increase the culture's emphasis on good parenting; tougher law enforcement is also necessary when crime has occurred
drug
any chemical substance other than food or water that affecsts the mind or body
why do people use drugs
1- therapeutic uses
2- recreational use
3- spiritual or psychological use
4- Escape
5- Social Conformity
dependency
a state in which a person's body has adjusted to regular use of a drug
stimulants
drugs that increase alertness, altering a person's mood by increasing energy
depressants
drugs that slow the operation of the central nervous system.
alcoholism
adiction to alcohal
codependency
behavior on the part of others that helps a substance abuser continue the abuse
Strategies to Control Drugs
-Interdiction- preventing movement of drugs across the borders
- prosecution - put drug dealers behind bars
- education - school programs
- treatment - help those addicted to drugs
decriminalization
removing the current criminal penalties that punish the manufacturing, sale, and personal use of drugs
structural-functional theory - drugs
approach to drugs- directs attention to the societal consequences of using various drugs. Some drugs can improve interaction, caffein. Other drugs can be harmful, heroin.
-
Symbolic-Interaction Theory - drugs
various societies attach various meanings to drugs and their use. The use of drugs, like other forms of behavior, is learned by people in various social settings. This learning involves both skills in using the drug as well as attitudes toward a drug and its use
social-conflict theory - drugs
links society's view of various drugs to issues of social power and social inequity. Drugs that are highly profitable to powerful corporations are sold more freely, while those that are not are subject to greater legal controls
education
the social institution by which a society transmits knowledge - including basic facts and job skills, as well as cultural norms and values - to its members
schooling
formal instruction carried out by specially trained teachers
functional illiteracy
the inability to reaad and write or do basic arithmetic well enough to carry out daily responsibility
culture capital
the experiences and opportunities that shape a student's ability to learn and to succeed at school and elsewhere.
tracking
the policy of assigning students to different educational programs.
self-fulfilling prophecy
a situation in which people who are defined in a certain way eventually think and act as if the definition were true
title IX
Congress passed the Education Amendments to the Civil Rights Act. bans sex discrimination in education and requires schools recieving federal funding to provide male and female students with equal educational programs.
English immersion
the policy of teaching non-English speakers in English
bilingual education
the policy of offering most classes in student's native language while also teaching them English
mainstreaming
integrating students with special needs into the overall educational program
special education
schooling children with physical or mental disabilites in separate classes with specially trained teachers
structural - functional Theory - education
macro-level
reveals that schooling helps our society operate by performing numerous functions, including transmitting knowledge and skills to young people, preparing them for the world of work according to their talents and interests, and uniting the population by teaching common values and beliefs. Schooling also performs many latent functions such as supervising young people during the day while parents are working
- problems- because of the importance of schooling to the operation of society, anything that threatens the effectiveness of our schools is likely to be defended as a social problem.
Symbolic-Interaction Theory- education
micro level
focuses on the meanings and understandings that people construct in their everyday social interactions, Using this approach, the experience of schooling is likely to be different in some ways for every individual. How a school labels a particular child is likely to shape that child's experience of schooling
-problems - how we label children can create problems. Because labels can become real to us and have real consequences, a school's decision to label a child in a certain way can create a self-fulfilling prophecy. Children may come to think of themselves in terms the labels used by school officials and perform accordingly
Social-Confilct Theory - education
macro level
links schooling to social inequality. Rather than showing how schooling helps the entire society operate, this approach highlights how schooling reflects existing divisions in society. Schooling both reflects patterns of social inequality and helps perpetuate this inequality by passing these differences from one generation to the next.
problems - educational problems include the inequality in funding that sets some schools well above others and also the system of tracing that often places young people from well-to-do families in the best classes and programs and those from disadvantaged families in the worst classes and programs
Feminist Theory - education
macro-level
schooling is a system of preparing young people to take on adult responsibilities. To the extent that society defines men and women as different types of people, the extent and content of schooling for the two sexes will differ.
problems- educational inequality also includes gender. Women were long excluded from higher education. Today, women have been empowered through more schooling, but remain relatively disadvantaged in terms of income and power.
charter schools
public schools that are given the freedom to try out new policies and progrmas
magnet schools
public schools that offer special facilities and programs in pursuit of educational excellence
school voucher program
a program that provides parents with funds they can use at a public school or private school of their choice
radical - left view - education
problem - because schools operate within a social system marked by striking inequality of wealth and power, they fail much of the U.S. population and perpetuate class differences.
-solution- equalizing funding for all schools; ultimately, the solution lies in making radical changes in the economic and political systems to create a more egalitarian society
liberal view - education
problem - Although schools are educating more young people than ever before, they lack the funds and programs to meet the needs of some categories of the population
solution - increase government funding for schools, especially in disadvantaged areas; expand Head Start and bilingual programs to improve schooling for minorities and low-income children.
Conservative View - education
Schools are a government monopoly that does not operate efficiently and is not accountable. Schools fail to educate a significant share of young people.
-solution - various strategies such as schooling for profit and the use of school vouchers will force public schools to become more competitive; all schools must be made accountable for their performance
deindustrialization
the decline of industrial production that occurred in the UNited States after about 1950
globalization
the expansion of economic activity around the world with little regard for national borders.
primary labor market
includes jobs that provide workers with good pay and extensive benefits
secondary labor market
jobs that provide workers with low pay and few benefits
OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration - regulate workplace health and safety.
NIOSHA
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health - an organization that conducts research on workplace hazards, ranging from toxic chemicals to ailments that result from repetitive motion or heavy lifting.
Alienation : Marx's View
alienation- powerlessness in the workplace resulting in the experience of isolation and misery. He believed work to be natural for human beings, ideally a satisfying activity by which people meet their needs and develop their creative potential.
Alienation: Weber's View
the depersonalization of nit just the workplace but all of society brought on by a rational focus on efficiency.
rationalization of society
Weber: the historical change from tradition to rationality and efficiency as the typical way people think about the world
McDonaldization
refers to defining work in terms of the principles of efficiency, predictability, uniformity, and automation
institutional discriminization
bias that is built into the operation of the economy, education, or other social institutions.
labor unions
worker organizations that seek to improve wages conditions through various strategies, including negotiations and strikes
The Railway Labor Act, the Norris-LaGuardia Act, the National Labor Relations Act
guaranteed the right of workers to organize and form labor unions - passed by Congress
telecommuting
refers to linking employees to a central office using information technology, including telephones, computers, and the Internet
Structural-Functional Theory - workplace
Macro-level
sees the workplace as linked to other aspects of society. Technology is crucial in shaping the workplace. The Industrial REvolution shaped the workplace of the twentieth century, just as the information Revolution is shaping the workplace of the twenty-first century
problems - Rapid change can disrupt the social order, causing problems. For example, new technology has caused the loss of many traditional types of jobs. But other social institutions such as education responds, preparing workers for new types of jobs.
Symbolic-Interaction Theory - workplace
Micro level
- focusses on the meanings people attach to the world around them. With regard to work, people who work in the primary labor market generally define their work in positive terms and think that the work reflects well on them. People who work in the secondary labor market find little positive meaning in their work, seeing the job mostly as a source of income
- Problem - The main problems is that workers with jobs in the secondary labor market are not able to find much positive meaning in their work. As a result, they must look for satisfaction outside of the workplace
Social-Conflict Theory - workplace
macro level - links the workplace to social inequality. Marx explained that the capitalist elite does no work at all yet gains the profits from the work done by the others. As long as the workplace operates according to the rules of a capitalist economy, work is the exploitation of the many by the few.
- Problems - According to Marx, capitalism creates wealth for the few and alienation for the working majority. Weber agreed that alienation is a workplace problem, although he pointed to rationality in the modern world as the cause.
Feminist Theory - workplace
macro level
explains how gender is a basic organizing principle of society, including the world of work. Just about every job is widely viewed as either "feminine" or "masculine"
- Problems - Gender segregates many workplaces according to sex. At the same time, jobs viewed as "masculine" provide the greatest wealth and power. By contrast, because women typically hold "feminine" jobs, they are disadvantaged.
Radical-Left View - workplace
Problem -the capitalist market system is the cause of many economic problems, including low wages, workplace hazards, and unemployment. Capitalism fails to meet most people's economic needs by placing profits ahead of people.
Solution - Workers should own and control the means of economic production. Government acting in the interest of the population as a whole should be responsible for economic policy
Liberal View - workplace
Problem - the market system is productive but it does not ensure the welfare of all. Low wages, unemployment, and discrimination based on gender, race, and ethnicity are all problems in the U.S. workplace
Solution- While allowing market forces to operate, government agencies must regulate the economy to ensure that workers receive a living wage and that the workplace is safe and free from discriminization
Conservative View - workplace
Problem - The market system operates efficiently and is highly productive. Government regulation, however, reduces the productivity of the market. Therefore, government should regulate the economy as little as possible
Solution - The greatest number of people will benefit most if market forces are allowed to operate freely. THe economy does a good job of regulating itself and moving workers from older industries to newer kinds of work
family
is asocial institution that unites individuals into cooperating groups that care for one another, including any children
Kinship
social bond, based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption, that joins individuals into families
nuclear families
one or two parents and their children
extended family
parents and children and also grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins who often live close to one another and operate as a family unit
marriage
a lawful relationship usually involving economic cooperation, sexual activity, and childbearing
families of affinity
people with or without legal or blood ties who feel they belong together and define themselves as a familiy
cohabitation
the sharing of a household by an unmarried couple
blended families
families in which children have some combination of biological parents and stepparents
in vitro fertilization
uniting egg and sperm in a laboratory
surrogate motherhood
an arrangement by which one woman carries and bears a child for another woman
structural-functional theory - family
macro-level
Importance?- views the family as the foundation of society because it has several important functions, including regulating sexually and providing a comited parental relationship as the setting for raising children. Families also provide their members with economic and emotional support
-Problems - Because of the importance of families to the operation of society, anything that threatens the strength or stability of families - the rise in divorce or the increase in single parenting - is likely to be defined as a social problem
symbolic-interaction theory - family
micro-level
Importance - focuses on the patterns of interaction by which people construct family life. For example, children raised with love and steady guidance are likely to develop a positive self-image. Gender can operate as a script in married life, with the effect of reducing a couple's intimacy.
Problem - This approach highlights how individuals experience family life. Individuals experience the family in their own ways, subjectively defining their situation whatever it may be in objective terms, as a problem or not: Therefore we cannot make about family problems.
Social-Conflict Theory - family
macro-level
focuses on social inequality. Engles explained that the family is a system that transmits wealth from one generation to another thereby reproducing the class structure in each generation
Problems - From this point of view, the main problem is social inequality, and families contribute to this problem. The family is a system that perpetuates the class structure over time
Feminist Theory - Family
macro-level
Importance - Feminist theory explains how the development of families gives men control over women and especially women's sexuality
Problem - Feminist theory claims the main problem with families is that this social institution is a foundation of gender stratification, limiting the power of women
Radical-Left View - Family
Problem - Family life is bound up with inequality; families support inequality based on class gender, and sexual orientation, all of which is unjust
- Solution - Increasing social equality i possible only by radically restructuring the family as it exists today; society should consider collective arrangements for performing housework and childcare.
Liberal - View
Problem - There is not enough tolerance for the broad range of family life in today's society; efforts to impose any model of an "ideal family" limit people's choices; poverty among women and children is serious problem.
Solution - Encourage tolerance for various kinds of families, including gay marriage, Increasing women's economic opportunities will benefit children. Enforce all anti-discrimination laws, and expand affordable child care programs
Conservative View - Family
Problem - Conventional families are breaking down: Divorce, single parenting, and living together without marriage are symptoms of a "me first" culture that weakens society and places children at risk.
-Solution - Encourage the spread of a "culture of marriage" Make covenant marriage more widely available, abolish no-fault divorce laws, and discourage couples from living together in low-commitment relationships.