Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis |
the idea that people see and understand the world through the cultural lens of language |
|
|
Piaget - Cognitive Development |
Sensorimotor - sense only Preoperational - language & symbols Concrete Operational - casual connections Formal Operational - abstract and critical thought |
|
|
Piaget - Moral Development |
Realism > Relativism > Autonomy |
|
|
Kohlberg - Moral Development |
Preconventional: judge rightness based on personal needs
Conventional: takes into account parental attitude and cultural norms Postconventional: start to criticize society |
|
|
Mead: Social Self |
Self is composed of self-awareness and self image. Developed through interaction, experience, exchange of symbols, understanding others' points of view |
|
|
Mead I & Me |
I: impulsive Me: reflective |
|
|
Erikson Development |
Infancy: Trust Toddlerhood: autonomy Preschool: initiative Pre-adolescence: industriousness Adolescence: identity Young Adulthood: intimacy Middle Adulthood: making a difference Old Age: integrity |
|
|
Thomas Theorum |
situations defined as real are real in their consequences |
|
|
Ethnomethodology |
Garfield's term for the study of how people understand their surroundings |
|
|
Presentation of self |
Goffman's term for a person's effort to create specific impressions in the minds of others |
|
|
Idealization (Goffman-dramaturgical) |
we construct performances to idealize our intentions |
|
|
Bureaucratic ritualism |
a focus on rules and regulations that undermines an organization's goals |
|
|
Oligarchy |
the rule of the many by the few |
|
|
Parkinson's Law |
work expands to fill the time given |
|
|
Peter's Principle |
bureaucrats rise to their level of incompetence |
|
|
Ritzer's McDonaldization of society |
efficiency, calculability, uniformity, predictability |
|
|
Containment Theory |
Reckless & Dinitz Good boys characteristics vs. Bad boy characteristics |
|
|
Biological Context of deviance: Lombroso |
linked deviance to physical traits |
|
|
Biological context of deviance: Sheldon |
linked criminal history to body type |
|
|
Functions of deviance (Durkheim) |
affirms cultural values and norms responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries brings people together encourages social change |
|
|
Strain theory |
Merton Deviance is the discrepancy between acceptable goals and the legitimate means to obtain those goals |
|
|
Cloward and Ohlin (expansion on Strain Theory) |
also because of availability of illegal means |
|
|
Labelling Theory |
deviance results not so much from what people do but how people react to it |
|
|
Gender Mead vs. Murdock |
Mead- studied 3 tribes in New Guinea, each had different gender roles Murdock- studied more than 200 pre-industrial societies and found universal gender roles |
|
|
What contributed to more women joining the workforce? |
reduction in farming, growth in cities, post-industrial economy, increasing education, shrinking family size, rising divorce rate |
|
|
Multiple Jeopardy |
Intersectionality |
|
|
Talcott Parsons - Gender |
Takes Structural Functional POV. Having specified gender roles helps with operation of society |
|
|
Liberal feminism |
seeks equal opportunity for both sexes with the existing society |
|
|
socialist feminism |
claims that gender equality will come about by replacing capitalism with socialism |
|
|
radical feminism |
seeks to eliminate the concept of gender itself and to create an egalitarian and gender-free society |
|
|
Maternal feminism |
early 19th century moral crusaders gender and politics |
|
|
Differential Association Theory |
Sutherland A person's tendency towards conformity or deviance depends on the amount of contact with others who encourage or reject conventional behaviour |
|
|
People rationalize guilt by |
denial of injury, denial of victim, denial of personal responsibility, condemning the condemners, appeal to higher loyalties |
|
|
Hirschi's Control Theory |
Attachment, Belief, Opportunity and involvement hold people back from deviance |
|
|
Pluralist Position (deviance) |
various individuals and groups compete to have their definitions of deviance accepted |
|
|
Critical School (deviance) |
economic elite is the major force behind definitions of deviance |
|
|
Criminal Punishment has 4 justifications |
Retribution Deterrence Societal Protection Rehabilitation |
|
|
Sentencing Circles |
unique form of community based corrections for Aboriginal offenders circle made up of the accused, the victim, their families, community members |
|
|
race |
a socially constructed category composed of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society deem socially important |
|
|
ethinicity |
a shared cultural heritage |
|
|
Objective criteria of ethnicity |
ancestry, cultural practices, dress, religion, language |
|
|
Subjective criteria of ethnicity |
internalization of social identity |
|
|
Scapegoat Theory |
prejudice springs from frustration among people who are themselves disadvantaged |
|
|
culture theory (race) |
prejudice is found in everyone because it is embedded in culture |
|
|
Authoritarian Personality Theory |
extreme prejudice considered to be a personality trait of certain individuals. Rigidly conform to conventional cultural values and see moral issues as clear cut |
|
|
Patterns of Interaction (Race) |
Pluralism/Multiculturalism Assimilation Segregation Genocide |
|
|
Institutional Completeness |
the complexity of community organizations that meet the needs of members. Maintain in-group boundaries and minimizes out-group contact |
|
|
Vertical Mosaic |
ethnically stratifies with certain ethnic groups dominating other ethnic groups |
|
|
1976- Immigration Act-Point System - Ellen Fairclough: 3 Classes |
family, humanitarian, independant |
|
|
Status Consistency |
degree of consistency in a person's social standing across various dimensions of social inequality |
|
|
Davis-Moore Thesis |
SF POV on Social stratification social stratification has beneficial consequences for the operation of society |
|
|
Why no Marxist Revolution? |
The fragmentation of the capitalist class Higher standard of living More worker organizations Greater legal protection |
|
|
Weber's approach to social stratification |
believed that wealth, prestige and power together created social stratification |
|
|
Socioeconomic Status |
composite ranking based on several dimensions of social inequality: Status, Financial, Power |
|
|
Socioeconomic Status throughout history |
Status is important in agrarian societies (honour) Industrialization and capitalism increased importance of wealth Industrial Society and bureaucracies focuses on power |
|
|
Conspicuous Consumption |
buying and using products because of the statements they make about social position |
|
|
Kuznets Curve |
Hypothesized that as countries developed, inequality would rise initially, but after a certain threshold of development has been reached, inequality would decrease |
|
|
Dimensions of social inequality |
income, power, occupational prestige, schooling |
|
|
Gerontology |
physical, psychological and social aspect of aging the study of aging and the elderly |
|
|
Geriatrics |
physiological aspects of aging |
|
|
Old-age dependancy ratio |
ratio of elderly to working age population |
|
|
Age effects/maturation |
changes that are the result of aging |
|
|
Period effects |
qualities because of living at a specific time |
|
|
Gerontocracy |
form of organization in which elderly have the most wealth, power and prestige. It is most likely to occur in pastoral, horticultural and agrarian societies. Remain active leaders until they die. |
|
|
Disengagement Theory |
society enhances its orderly operation by disengaging people from positions of responsibility as they reach old age |
|
|
Society is age-graded |
each cohort must go through a system of expectations and rewards |
|
|
Activity Theory |
a high level of activity enhances personal satisfaction in old age people need to find new roles to replace those left behind |
|
|
Social Constructionist perspective (aging) |
a micro level approach stressing the subjective experience of older persons and their ability to negotiate with others |
|
|
Exchange Theory |
focuses on the weak bargaining position of elderly |
|
|
Hospice movement |
helps people have a good death, supports people, minimize pain and suffering and encourage family members to stay nearby |
